The production of ATP from ADP and Pi (inorganic phosphate) catalyzed by an enzyme known as ATP synthase.
ATP synthase is made up of two main regions called F₀ and F₁ in which F₀ is embedded in the membrane and acts as a pump through which proton flux takes place. The F₁ unit is the rotating unit of the ATP synthase which rotates due to energy provides by the protons during proton flux.
When proton moves through F₀ unit down their concentration gradient, it provides energy to the F₁ subunits which bind ADP and inorganic phosphate to release ATP.
The correct answer is option c, that is, ATP synthase.
Explanation:
ATP synthase refers to an enzyme, which produces the energy storing molecule, that is, ATP. It is the common utilized energy currency of cells by all the living species. It is produced from ADP or adenosine diphosphate and Pi or inorganic phosphate.
The generation of ATP is not favorable energetically and would take place in the opposite direction. Thus, to mediate this reaction in forwarding direction, the ATP synthase combines synthesis of ATP at the time of cellular respiration with an electrochemical gradient produced by the alteration in proton ion concentration through the mitochondrial membrane in the eukaryotes or plasma membrane in the prokaryotes.
Mitosis in an eukaryotic cell cycle occurs after the G2 phase (option b). This is the final stage of interphase and during this time, the cell continues to grow as well as create new proteins. Successful completion of this phase results in the commencement of Mitosis.
