Transcription is the process by which DNA is copied (transcribed) to mRNA, which carries the information needed for protein synthesis. Transcription takes place in two broad steps. First, pre-messenger RNA is formed, with the involvement of RNA polymerase enzymes.
Half, because the ovum from the mother and the sperm from the father fuse together to form the zygote which will develop into the new human being, and the ovum and sperm, being gametes, each have half the number of chromosomes that you usually find in somatic cells (any other cell in the body that is not a gamete).