America was introduced to modernism at the 1913 _____________ but it was met by public protest and initially rejected. The same
reaction awaited Jan TSCHICHOLD'S Élémentaire Typographie insert. However, a small number of American typographers and designers, such as William Addison DWIGGINS, S. A. JACOBS, Merle ARMITAGE, and Lester BEALL, recognized the value of the new ideas, and modernism slowly gained ground in book design, editorial design for fashion and business magazines catering to affluent audiences, and promotional and corporate graphics. By the 1930s, modernist European design had become a significant influence in America.
The groups that would be excluded from this widening of political opportunity would be any group that is denied the right to vote, whether this means they are oppressed or in prison, etc.
