Italy and russia. Because they were looking for a better life in the United States.
Answer:Deciding whether or how to engage with the leaders of hostile states has been a matter of debate among U.S. policymakers for decades.
Explanation:
The answer to the question would be nearly parallel to the shoreline.
Their customs were outdated, the advancements of weaponry and technology by the europeans and americans frightened the japanese of invasion, hence opening its trade ports to adopt these new innovations by the Europeans and the Americans.