Answer:
High birthrate and death rate
Explanation:
The ozone layer is contained within the stratosphere. The stratosphere is the atmospheric layer between the trophosphere and the mesosphere. The stratosphere bridges both cooler and warmer temperatures, which is a direct result of the UV radiation absorbed by the ozone layer, which is mainly found in the lower part of the stratosphere.
Explanation:
Abstract
Most planetary systems are formed within stellar clusters, and these environments can shape their properties. This paper considers scattering encounters between solar systems and passing cluster members, and calculates the corresponding interaction cross-sections. The target solar systems are generally assumed to have four giant planets, with a variety of starting states, including circular orbits with the semimajor axes of our planets, a more compact configuration, an ultracompact state with multiple mean motion resonances, and systems with massive planets. We then consider the effects of varying the cluster velocity dispersion, the relative importance of binaries versus single stars, different stellar host masses, and finite starting eccentricities of the planetary orbits. For each state of the initial system, we perform an ensemble of numerical scattering experiments and determine the cross-sections for eccentricity increase, inclination angle increase, planet ejection, and capture. This paper reports results from over 2 million individual scattering simulations. Using supporting analytic considerations, and fitting functions to the numerical results, we find a universal formula that gives the cross-sections as a function of stellar host mass, cluster velocity dispersion, starting planetary orbital radius, and final eccentricity. The resulting cross-sections can be used in a wide variety of applications. As one example, we revisit constraints on the birth aggregate of our Solar system due to dynamical scattering and find N ≲ 104 (consistent with previous estimates).
Answer:
- Earthquakes
- Tsunamis
- Volcanoes
Explanation:
An understanding of plate tectonics has saved many lives. The benefits of understanding how the Earth moves underneath our feet are enormous. Before the theory of plate tectonics, no one knew why Earthquakes occurred, why volcanoes erupted how and where they did, or why giant waves destroyed entire coastal areas or islands out of nowhere.
With the theory of plate tectonics we not only understand the orientation of the continents millions of years ago, but we also can plan cities intelligently to avoid seismically active areas. We can also predict when a tsunami will occur and gauge the potential devastation of a volcanic eruption before it happens.
Subsistence agriculture occurs side by side with commercial farming. Many crops such as wheat, barley and vegetables are raised for domestic consumption, while others like citrus fruits, olives, and grapes are mainly for export. The Mediterranean lands are also known as 'orchard lands of the world'.
