Answer:
The correct answer will be option-A
Explanation:
Emotional memory refers to the memories of experiences which evokes or triggers the emotional reaction in higher organisms.
Emotional memory after evoking the emotional reactions remembers the past experiences based on which the person feels if the present event is pleasant or unpleasant.
The pounding of the heart is caused by the shock or the stress conditions observed with the fast beating of the heart. In the given question, When the heart pounds after seeing the rattlesnake will be considered response caused by the emotional memory as the rattlesnake is dangerous to humans based on the past experiences which evoke the emotional response.
Thus, option-A is the correct answer.
Regulation
It is vital that the level of ATP in cells remains constant, especially when the demand for energy increases. ... Although high levels of reactive oxygen species lead to cell death and disease, low levels of these species are important for regulating normal cell processes.
Answer:
- First outgroup → Ray-Finned Fishes
- Second outgroup → Sharks
Explanation:
The outgroup is the most distant taxonomic group that shares no traits or characters with the lineages of interest, which compose the ingroup. You can compare the outgroup with the ingroup to determine the evolutive relationship and which characters are primitive or derived.
Even though the outgroup shares a common ancestor with the ingroup, this is placed far away in evolution, making the outgroup to be the taxonomic group less related to the other lineages. The lineages in the ingroup share another common ancestor that is more recent in history.
To select the outgroup, you need to focus on what you are interested in. There might be several outgroups, but you should choose the one that is more related or closer to the ingroups. This selection is important because you need to make comparisons to understand the evolution of specific traits.
In the exposed example, we need to focus on animals that have four limbs. Then, we might assume that the ingroup is composed of Amphibians Crocodiles Dinosaurs. Sharks and Ray-Finned Fish do not have four limbs, so they might be considered outgroups.
From these two outgroups, sharks have a cartilaginous skeleton, while Ray-Finned Fishes have a bony skeleton. This fact makes ray-finned fishes more related to the ingroup than the sharks. So,
- First outgroup → Ray-Finned Fishes
- Second outgroup → Sharks
