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Naily [24]
3 years ago
8

How were the initiative, referendum, and recall processes established?

History
1 answer:
Burka [1]3 years ago
8 0
In 1911, California voters approved the constitutional processes of initiative, referendum, and recall. Through these processes, voters can adopt a change in law (an initiative), disapprove a law passed by the Legislature (a referendum), or remove an elected official from office (a recall).
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PLEASE HELP 98 POINTS!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
Jobisdone [24]

1. Pope Urban calls for the First Crusade. At the council of

Clermont, Pope Urban decided to call for the first crusade in 1095. Urban’s

call came from the desire to stop the Turks from westward expansion. This

decision came as a result of the Byzantine Emperor’s plea to send military

assistance due to the larger and larger threat of Turkish expansion.

2. Major rulers refuse to support the war. Due to their

issues with the Pope, both Philip I of France and Emperor Henry IV refused to

support the Pope’s desires in the crusade to come. What is odd about this is

that although they won’t participate, noblemen from their own countries will.

They would also be joined by many soldiers from areas of Italy and Germany as

well.

3. Crusaders take Jerusalem. After a siege of the city, the

soldiers of various nations managed to enter Jerusalem where the Turks were

eliminated indiscriminately. People of other religions such as Jews and Eastern

Christians also suffered losses due to the nature of the Crusaders’ attacks.

With this victory, the Kingdom of Jerusalem is established which makes the area

belong to Christians once again.

4. The second crusade called by Pope Eugene III. After the

fall of Edessa, Pope Eugene called for the second crusade to end the Seljuk aggression

and expansion. The crusade ended badly for the Crusaders as an Islamic victory

managed to keep them out of the territory and prevent them from establishing an

independent Edessa once again.

5. Henry and Philip join forces to start a new crusade.

Following the failure of the second, Henry of England and Philip of France

joined forces in order to start a new crusade with the goal being recapturing

Jerusalem from Saladin. Although they had many victories, the ultimate goal of

conquering Jerusalem ultimately failed, causing the Treaty of Jaffa and the

cease of hostilities.

6. Crusaders join forces once again for the same cause.

Following the failure to recapture Jerusalem, the fourth crusade began led by

forces from the Holy Roman Empire and the republic of Venice. Since they were

supported by the current Pope, they also managed to get the support of the

Christian world which more than 20 000 soldiers.

7. Crusaders turn on Byzantine. Although the goal of the fourth

crusade was capturing the city of Jerusalem, in the middle of the Crusade the

crusaders decided to switch their goal and attack the Byzantine Empire. What

nobody expected became true and they managed to sack the city of

Constantinople, which was a huge victory for Venetians who had bad relations

with Byzantine for years before this clash.

8. The Crusader spirit starts to dwindle. Due to numerous

losses during the previous crusades, the support for a holy war started

diminishing rapidly. This led to a series of future crusades that were not

successful at all and which had almost no support. This included the fifth,

sixth, seventh, and eight crusades, all of which were nowhere near the size of

the first four.

9. Ninth crusade ends it all. In what became known as the

final crusade, the Christian world lost yet again after an initial series of

victories. However, the crusaders were eventually forced to withdraw and leave

the area just as it was before the war began. Considering nobody wanted to join

the crusades anymore, this event goes down in history as the final large

crusade.

10. Small incursions run rampant. Throughout the history of

the crusades, numerous smaller crusades occurred which weren’t even named

according to the ordinal numbers. These were mostly smaller skirmishes that did

not influence the tides of war much. They usually occurred during the same time

as the ordinal crusades, but were at different places and led by different

people.

Read more on Brainly.com - brainly.com/question/8626981#readmore

7 0
3 years ago
Read 2 more answers
Which European explorer and the date he entered Georgia are matched correctly?
alexandr1967 [171]
Hernado de Soto -1540
4 0
3 years ago
What does the Calvinist term "Sovereignty of God" mean?
MArishka [77]

Answer:The sovereignty of God was "Calvin's most central doctrine. It means that nothing is left to chance or human free will." ... He writes "By predestination we mean the eternal decree of God, by which he determined with himself whatever he wished to happen with regard to every man.

Explanation:

3 0
3 years ago
ASAP MULTIPLE CHOICE WILL MARK BRAINLIEST
Lemur [1.5K]

Answer:

Peter the Great, Russia

Charles V, HRE & Spain

Louis XIV, France

Explanation:

7 0
2 years ago
Authority of the Pope over all Kings of Europe is known as
Rus_ich [418]

Answer:

Papal Supremacy

Explanation:

5 0
2 years ago
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