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UNO [17]
3 years ago
14

A student builds a model of an atp molecule out of some scraps she finds at home. she uses a block of wood for the bulk of the m

olecule which she labels adp. she attaches the block to a spring and then compresses the spring between the block and a smaller round paper weight. what does the coiled spring represent in an actual molecule of atp?a) the covalent bond between the last phosphate and the middle phosphateb) the adenine partc) the covalent bond between the ribose and the first phosphated) the very last phosphate groupe) the ribose sugar
Biology
1 answer:
Y_Kistochka [10]3 years ago
5 0

Answer:

a) the covalent bond between the last phosphate and the middle phosphate

Explanation:

The ADP is composed by a molecule of Adenine, Ribose and two Phosphate groups. The addition of a paper weight in the spring represents the last phosphate added in a ADP, resulting in a ATP. The last phosphate connected with Ribose by a covalent bond, represented by the round paper weight connected to a spring, can be easily detached in order to provide energy to the cell by a process called dephosphorylation.  The spring compressed represents the energy of the bond. In the model the compressed spring is represents the potential energy, but in the bond the energy is chemical, which will lead into a electron transference reaction.

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4) A homozygous groucho fly ( gro, bristles clumped above the eyes) is crossed with a homozygous rough fly (ro, eye abnormality)
docker41 [41]

Answer and Explanation:

  • A homozygous groucho fly ( gro, bristles clumped above the eyes) is crossed with a homozygous rough fly (ro, eye abnormality).
  • The F1 females are testcrossed, producing these offspring: groucho 518 rough 471 groucho, rough 6 wild-type 5 1000 a) What is the linkage distance between the two genes? B) Plot the genes on a map c) If the genes were unlinked and the F1 females were mated with the F1 males, what would be the offspring in the F2 generation?

1st cross:

Parental) grogro ro+ro+ x  gro+gro+ roro

F1) gro+gro ro+ro

2nd cross:

Parental)  gro+gro ro+ro   x  grogro roro

Gametes) gro+ro+                       gro ro

                gro+ro                         gro ro

                gro ro+                        gro ro

                gro ro                          gro ro

Punnet square)  

                   gro+ro+             gro+ro              gro ro+            gro ro  

gro ro    gro+gro ro+ro   gro+gro roro    grogro ro+ro    grogro roro

gro ro    gro+gro ro+ro   gro+gro roro    grogro ro+ro    grogro roro

gro ro    gro+gro ro+ro   gro+gro roro    grogro ro+ro    grogro roro

gro ro    gro+gro ro+ro   gro+gro roro    grogro ro+ro    grogro roro

F2)

0.518 grogro ro+ro (518 individuals)

0.471 gro+gro roro (471 individuals)

0.006 grogro roro (6 individuals)

0.005 gro+gro ro+ro (5 individuals)

Total number of individuals 1000

<u><em>Note</em></u>: These frequencies were calculated dividing the number of individuals belonging to each genotype by the total number of individuals in the F2.

To know if two genes are linked, we must observe the progeny distribution. <em>If individuals, whos </em><em>genes assort independently,</em><em> are test crossed, they produce a progeny with equal </em><em>phenotypic frequencies 1:1:1:1</em>. <em>If</em> we observe a <em>different distribution</em>, that is that <em>phenotypes appear in different proportions</em>, we can assume that<em> genes are linked in the double heterozygote parent</em>.  

In the exposed example we might verify which are the recombinant gametes produced by the F1 di-hybrid, and we can recognize them by looking at the phenotypes with lower frequencies in the progeny.  

By performing this cross we know that the phenotypes with lower frequencies in the progeny are groucho, rough and wild-type. So the recombinant gametes are <em>gro+ro+</em> and <em>gro ro</em>, while the parental gametes are <em>gro+ro</em> and <em>gro ro+.</em>

So, the genotype, in linked gene format, of the double heterozygote individual in the <u>F1</u> is gro+ro/gro ro+.

To calculate the recombination frequency we will make use of the next formula: P = Recombinant number / Total of individuals. The genetic distance will result from multiplying that frequency by 100 and expressing it in map units (MU). One centiMorgan (cM) equals one map unit (MU).

The map unit is the distance between the pair of genes for which one of every 100 meiotic products results in a recombinant product.

The recombination frequency is:

P = Recombinant number / Total of individuals

P = 6 + 5 / 1000

P = 11 / 1000

P = 0.011

The <u>genetic distance between genes,</u> is 0.011 x 100= 1.1 MU.

<u>Genetic Linkage Map:</u>

Parental Phenotypes)  

-----gro+------ro----              -----gro------ro+----

----- gro ------ro----               ---- gro------ ro ----

Recombinant phenotypes)

-----gro+------ro+----              -----gro------ro----

----- gro ------ ro----                -----gro------ro----

<u>If the genes were unlinked</u> and the F1 females were mated with the F1 males, the offspring in the F2 generation would have been

4/16 = 1/4 gro+gro ro+ro  

4/16 = 1/4 gro+gro roro  

4/16 = 1/4 grogro ro+ro    

4/16 = 1/4 grogro roro

Their phenotypic frequencies would be 1:1:1:1 related.                                                  

7 0
3 years ago
Mary is campaigning for improved air quality in her city. She is very concerned about carbon and methane outputs, but not phosph
Galina-37 [17]

The answer is; D

Carbon dioxide and methane are potent greenhouse gases. They cause heating of the lower atmosphere, by trapping sunlight, that results to climate change. Due to the higher melting and boiling temperatures of phosphorus, it is rare that it occurs as gas in room temperatures. Phosphorus, therefore, does not pose a great threat of climate change.


4 0
3 years ago
What process or event was required for plate tectonics to begin on earth ?
tatuchka [14]

Older oceanic crust, which is more dense than continental crust, has long since been recycled in the process of subduction. Credit: U.S. Geological Survey. Plate tectonics shapes the surface of our planet, but it also runs much deeper: Plate movement is the surface expression of convection in Earth's interior.

7 0
3 years ago
Read 2 more answers
Please help! i need this due by 12 pm eastern time
DochEvi [55]

Answer:

the first one i think is d

8 0
3 years ago
Read 2 more answers
Female African elephants are, on average, 7 - 9 feet tall. What is the upper end of this range in centimeters?
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9 feet = 274.32 centimeters
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