Answer: E) all of the above.
Explanation: In literature, the theme is the underlying message of a story, it is what critical belief about life is the author trying to convey in the writing of a novel, play, short story or poem. Usually this belief, or idea, is universal and transcends cultural barriers. From the given options, the ones that represent examples of universal themes are "love," "bravery," and "Justice" because they are topics that everyone can understand. So the correct answer is "all of the above."
