Question

Determine whether the given vectors are orthogonal, parallel or neither. (a) u=[-3,9,6], v=[4,-12,-8,], (b) u=[1,-1,2] v=[2,-1,1] (c) u=[a,b,c] v=[-b,a,0]

Answer 1

Answer:

a) $u v= (-3)*(4) + (9)*(-12)+ (6)*(-8)=-168$

Since the dot product is not equal to zero then the two vectors are not orthogonal.

$|u|= \sqrt{(-3)^2 +(9)^2 +(6)^2}=\sqrt{126}$

$|v| =\sqrt{(4)^2 +(-12)^2 +(-8)^2}=\sqrt{224}$

$cos \theta = \frac{uv}{|u| |v|}$

$\theta = cos^{-1} (\frac{uv}{|u| |v|})$

If we replace we got:

$\theta = cos^{-1} (\frac{-168}{\sqrt{126} \sqrt{224}})=cos^{-1} (-1) = \pi$

Since the angle between the two vectors is 180 degrees we can conclude that are parallel

b) $u v= (1)*(2) + (-1)*(-1)+ (2)*(1)=5$

$|u|= \sqrt{(1)^2 +(-1)^2 +(2)^2}=\sqrt{6}$

$|v| =\sqrt{(2)^2 +(-1)^2 +(1)^2}=\sqrt{6}$

$cos \theta = \frac{uv}{|u| |v|}$

$\theta = cos^{-1} (\frac{uv}{|u| |v|})$

$\theta = cos^{-1} (\frac{5}{\sqrt{6} \sqrt{6}})=cos^{-1} (\frac{5}{6}) = 33.557$

Since the angle between the two vectors is not 0 or 180 degrees we can conclude that are either.

c) $u v= (a)*(-b) + (b)*(a)+ (c)*(0)=-ab +ba +0 = -ab+ab =0$

Since the dot product is equal to zero then the two vectors are orthogonal.

Step-by-step explanation:

For each case first we need to calculate the dot product of the vectors, and after this if the dot product is not equal to 0 we can calculate the angle between the two vectors in order to see if there are parallel or not.

Part a

u=[-3,9,6], v=[4,-12,-8,]

The dot product on this case is:

$u v= (-3)*(4) + (9)*(-12)+ (6)*(-8)=-168$

Since the dot product is not equal to zero then the two vectors are not orthogonal.

Now we can calculate the magnitude of each vector like this:

$|u|= \sqrt{(-3)^2 +(9)^2 +(6)^2}=\sqrt{126}$

$|v| =\sqrt{(4)^2 +(-12)^2 +(-8)^2}=\sqrt{224}$

And finally we can calculate the angle between the vectors like this:

$cos \theta = \frac{uv}{|u| |v|}$

And the angle is given by:

$\theta = cos^{-1} (\frac{uv}{|u| |v|})$

If we replace we got:

$\theta = cos^{-1} (\frac{-168}{\sqrt{126} \sqrt{224}})=cos^{-1} (-1) = \pi$

Since the angle between the two vectors is 180 degrees we can conclude that are parallel

Part b

u=[1,-1,2] v=[2,-1,1]

The dot product on this case is:

$u v= (1)*(2) + (-1)*(-1)+ (2)*(1)=5$

Since the dot product is not equal to zero then the two vectors are not orthogonal.

Now we can calculate the magnitude of each vector like this:

$|u|= \sqrt{(1)^2 +(-1)^2 +(2)^2}=\sqrt{6}$

$|v| =\sqrt{(2)^2 +(-1)^2 +(1)^2}=\sqrt{6}$

And finally we can calculate the angle between the vectors like this:

$cos \theta = \frac{uv}{|u| |v|}$

And the angle is given by:

$\theta = cos^{-1} (\frac{uv}{|u| |v|})$

If we replace we got:

$\theta = cos^{-1} (\frac{5}{\sqrt{6} \sqrt{6}})=cos^{-1} (\frac{5}{6}) = 33.557$

Since the angle between the two vectors is not 0 or 180 degrees we can conclude that are either.

Part c

u=[a,b,c] v=[-b,a,0]

The dot product on this case is:

$u v= (a)*(-b) + (b)*(a)+ (c)*(0)=-ab +ba +0 = -ab+ab =0$

Since the dot product is equal to zero then the two vectors are orthogonal.

Answer 2

Answer:

a) parallel

b) neither

c) orthogonal

Step-by-step explanation:

a) $u.v = -3*4-9*12-6*8=-168\neq 0$

So, they are not orthogonal.

3<-1,3,2> and 4<1,-3,-2>

The angle between them is 180°.

So they are parallel.

b) $u.v=1*2+1*1+2*1=5\neq0$

So, they are not orthogonal.

<1, -1, 2> and <2, -1, 1>

The angle between them is 180°.

So, they are parallel.

c) $u.v = -a.b+a.b+c.0=0$

So, they are orthogonal.