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3 years ago

In an animal cell, what is the function of the lysosomes?

2 answers:

8 0

Release enzymes outside of the cell (exocytosis)
which may serve the purpose of destroying materials around the cell.Break-down 'digestion' of materials from inside the cell (autophagy)
i.e. by fusing with vacuoles from inside the cell.
This could include digesting worn-out organelles so that useful chemicals locked-up in their structures can be re-used by the cell.Break-down 'digestion' of materials from outside the cell (heterophagy)
i.e. by fusing with vacuoles from outside the cell.
This could include breaking-down material taken-in by phagocytes, which include many types of white blood cells - also known as leucocytes. Specific mechanisms of heterophagy can be:phagocytic - by which cells engulf extracellular debris, bacteria or other particles - only occurs in certain specialized cellspinocytic - by which cells engulf extracellular fluidendocytic - by which cells take-up particles such as molecules that have become attached to the outer-surface of the cell membrane.Recycle the products of biochemical reactions that have taken place following materials being brought into the cell by endocytosis (general term for this 'recycling' function: biosynthesis) 
Different materials (chemicals) are processed in different ways, e.g. some structures may be processed/degraded within lysosomes and others are taken to the surface of the cell.Completely break-down cells that have died (autolysis)

In general, the functions of lysosomes involve breaking-down i.e. processing to 'make safe' or make use of, or removing from the cell e.g. by exocytosis, useless and potentially harmful materials such as old worn-out parts of the cell or potential threats such bacteria. Lysosomes can therefore be thought of as the rubbish disposal units within cel

tatyana61 [14]3 years ago

5 0

Release enzymes outside of the cell (exocytosis)
which may serve the purpose of destroying materials around the cell.Break-down 'digestion' of materials from inside the cell (autophagy)
i.e. by fusing with vacuoles from inside the cell.
This could include digesting worn-out organelles so that useful chemicals locked-up in their structures can be re-used by the cell.Break-down 'digestion' of materials from outside the cell (heterophagy)
i.e. by fusing with vacuoles from outside the cell.
This could include breaking-down material taken-in by phagocytes, which include many types of white blood cells - also known as leucocytes. Specific mechanisms of heterophagy can be:phagocytic - by which cells engulf extracellular debris, bacteria or other particles - only occurs in certain specialized cellspinocytic - by which cells engulf extracellular fluidendocytic - by which cells take-up particles such as molecules that have become attached to the outer-surface of the cell membrane.Recycle the products of biochemical reactions that have taken place following materials being brought into the cell by endocytosis (general term for this 'recycling' function: biosynthesis)
Different materials (chemicals) are processed in different ways, e.g. some structures may be processed/degraded within lysosomes and others are taken to the surface of the cell.Completely break-down cells that have died (autolysis)

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Oxidative damage to DNA can often result in the alteration of a single nucleotide.

Harman [31]

Answer:

Repair mechanism for base cleavage (BER)

Explanation:

Repair by base cleavage (BER)

The altered bases are specifically recognized by glycosylases and removed, generating an AP site. The hole is filled by a DNA polymerase that takes the healthy strand as a template. This system arises not only by exposure to external agents, but also by the cell's own activity.

In case of damage in more than one nucleotide, repair by nucleotide excision (NER) is performed.

Nucleotide excision repair (NER)

The damaged area is recognized by UvrA and B, then A and B separate and UvrC enters which forms a complex with endonuclease activity with B. This enzyme cuts the T-dimer and the gap is filled by a DNA polymerase. There is also the TC-NER system (transcription-coupled nucleotide repair system). The alteration of these mechanisms gives rise to diseases such as: Xeroderma pigmentosum, Trichotiodystrophy or Cockayne Syndrome

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3 years ago

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Anolis lizards in the tropical rainforest all eat the same insects. over time different lizard species have adapted to live in d

pochemuha

Resource partitioning

Resource partitioning refers to differences in resource use between species regardless of the origin of the differences. Similar species can coexist in the same ecological community without one pushing the others to extinction through competition. Species compete for the same resources which include nutrients and habitats which are the raw materials needed by organisms to grow, live, and reproduce. For the question given above, the divergence in lizards is an example of resource partitioning.

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3 years ago

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In terms of environmental economics, the only factions that disagree with each other are environmentalists and economists. True

MatroZZZ [7]

The correct answer is FALSE.

It is false that the only factions which disagree with each other is economists and environmentalists.

Economists are referred to as practitioners which are found in the social science and their work is to discipline economics.

A person can develop, study and apply some concepts and theories from economic.

Environmentalists are termed as supporters who supports the movement of the environment.

There is a ethical movement of the movement or political which works to protect and improve quality of environment which is natural.

Environmentalist believes in environmentalism philosophy.

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3 years ago

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The __________ is the area of the brain in humans that serves to coordinate complex voluntary movements, posture, and balance.

olganol [36]

B. cerebellum, the cerebellum is responsible for all these as well as maintaining muscle tone

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3 years ago

If A/A ⋅ B/B is crossed with a/a ⋅ b/b and the F1 is testcrossed, what percentage of the testcross progeny will be a/a ⋅ b/b if

Alex787 [66]

Answer:

a) 25%; b) 50%; c) 45%; d) 38%

Explanation:

<h3 /><h3>a) Unlinked genes</h3>

A/A B/B X a/a b/b

F1: A/a B/b

Testcross A/a B/b X a/a b/b

The homozygous recessive individual only produces ab gametes.

The F1 produces four types of gametes (each of them with a frequency of 1/4): AB, Ab, aB and ab.

25% of the progeny will be a/a b/b.

<h3>b) Completely linked genes</h3>

AB/AB X ab/ab

F1: AB/ab

Testcross AB/ab X ab/ab

The F1 produces only two types of gametes, the parentals (each of them with a frequency of 1/2): AB and ab.

50% of the progeny will be ab/ab.

<h3>c) 10 m.u. apart</h3>

AB/AB X ab/ab

F1: AB/ab

Testcross AB/ab X ab/ab

The F1 produces four types of gametes, the parentals AB and ab and the recombinants Ab and aB.

Since the genes are 10mu apart, 10% of the produced gametes will be recombinant and 90% will be parentals. Since there are two types of parental gametes, each of them has a frequency of 45%.

45% of the progeny will be ab/ab.

<h3>d) 24 m.u. apart</h3>

This is very similar to c).

Since the genes are 24mu apart, 24% of the produced gametes will be recombinant and 76% will be parentals. Since there are two types of parental gametes, each of them has a frequency of 38%.

38% of the progeny will be ab/ab.

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3 years ago