1. 
where in a population:
p - the frequency of the <em>A</em> allele
q - the frequency of the <em>a</em> allele
- the frequency of the <em>AA</em> homozygous genotype
- the frequency of the <em>aa</em> homozygous genotype
2pq - the frequency of the <em>Aa</em> heterozygous genotype
A population at equilibrium will have the sum of all the alleles at the locus equal to 1.
2. Conditions:
A. The breeding population must be large
B. No natural selection
C. The mating must occur randomly
D. No mutations to cause changes in allelic frequency.
E. No changes in allelic frequency due to immigration or emigration.
3. By comparing the actual genetic structure of a population with what we would expect from a Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, we can determine how much it deviates from the baseline provided by the mathematical model. Depending on how large the deviation is, one or more of the model's assumptions are being violated. Thus, we can attempt to determine which one.
Answer: The given statement is true.
Explanation: Ionization energy is defined as the amount of energy required to remove an electron from the outermost shell of an isolated gaseous atom.
General equation of ionization energy is given by:
- If the outermost electron is loosely bound to the nucleus which means that the electron can be easily removed form an atom, it will require less amount of ionization energy.
- And if the outermost electron is tightly bound to the nucleus which means that the electron cannot be removed easily from an atom. And hence, it will require more ionization energy.
Hence, the given statement is true.
Answer:
There are the physical and chemical properties of an acid .
Both are in the image
Double fertilization-plants with seeds (flowering plants), two male gametes joining with female gametophyte
Gametophyte generation-both (haploid, sexual stage stage-gametophyte, and the diploid stage that produces spores – sporophyte)
Endosperm formed-plants with seed because it is a tissue formed inside the seed which surrounds the embryo and provides nutrition
Mitosis-both (mitosis occurres in spores)
Spores develop into gametophytes-both but, in seedless plants sporophyte produces spores that will develop into a new organism (multicellular gametophyte) using mitosis, while spores of seed plants are produced internally and develop into more complex structures.
