Geology. a basic law<span> of geochronology, stating that in any undisturbed sequence of rocks deposited in layers, the youngest layer is on top and the oldest on bottom, each layer being younger than the one beneath it and older than the one above it.</span>
When looking at the rise and fall of societies, Max Weber argued that irrational elements such as <u>charismatic authority </u>can alter a society's trajectory of social change.
A charismatic leader is one who commands respect and obedience from those under their command as a result of the leader's great personal traits or the demonstration of extraordinary insight and accomplishment. Weber viewed charismatic authority not so much as character attributes of the charismatic leader but as a relationship between the leader and his followers, which is at odds with the present widespread use of the word charismatic leader. The term charisma, as defined by Weber, refers to "a certain feature of an individual personality, by virtue of which he is set aside from ordinary men and viewed as gifted with supernatural, superhuman, or at least specifically outstanding powers or traits." Although charismatic authority nearly always develops within the framework of established norms of conventional or rational-legal authority, it is sometimes viewed as revolutionary because of its tendency to defy these norms. Nonetheless, as charismatic authority is absorbed into a society through ritualization, the persistent threat it poses to that culture gradually diminishes.
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