© 1998, 1999 Gregory Carey Chapter 7: The New Genetics - 1 Chapter 7: The New Genetics—Techniques for DNA Analysis Introduction Before the 1980s, finding the genotype of an individual usually involved various laboratory assays for a gene product—the protein or enzyme. The cases of the ABO and Rhesus blood groups are classic examples of how one infers genotypes from the reaction of gene products with certain chemicals. In the mid 1980s, genetic technology took a great leap forward with the ability to genotype the DNA itself. The geneticist could now examine the DNA directly without going through the laborious process of developing assays to detect individual differences in proteins and enzymes. Direct DNA analysis had the further advantage of being able to identify alleles in sections of DNA that did not code for polypeptide chains. As a result of these new advances, the number of genetic loci that could be detected increased exponentially and soon led to the identification of the genes for disorders that had remained a mystery for the better part of this century. In this chapter, the major molecular techniques are outlined. The purpose is to provide a quick and understandable reference for the social scientist. The content of this chapter is not something that is required to understand genetics, what genes are, or how they relate to human behavior. Indeed, this chapter may be skipped without any great loss of continuity. Hence, only the essentials are given and the reader interested in the laboratory science behind the techniques is referred to contemporary textbooks on molecular genetics. We begin by defining a series of basic tools and techniques. © 1998, 1999 Gregory Carey Chapter 7: The New Genetics - 2 Basic Tools and Techniques: Basic tools: Electrophoresis Electrophoresis is a technique that separates small biological molecules by their molecular weight. It may be applied to molecules as large as proteins and enzymes as well as to small snippets of DNA and RNA. One begins the procedure by constructing a “gel”—a highly viscous material the actual chemistry of which need not concern us. Purified copies of the biological specimen are then injected into a “starting lane” at one end of the gel. Finally, a weak electric current is passed through the gel for a specified amount of time. Gravity and the electric current cause the biological molecules to migrate to the opposite end of the gel. The extent to which any molecule moves depends upon its electrical charge, molecular weight, the viscosity of the gel, the strength of the current, and the amA. The simplest method to denature DNA is to h33///////////////////////(http://psych.colorado.edu/~carey/hgss/hgsschapters/HGSS_Chapter07.pdf) # cited
The Hardy-Weinberg equation is as follows:
Where:
(convert all % to decimals)
p= homozygous dominant
q= homozygous recessive
pq= heterozygous
While you did not specify whether the 0.2 frequency was for dominant or recessive, we can still figure out the answer.
Using the 1st equation, we can solve for the other dominant/recessive frequency:
1-0.2=0.8
Meaning that:
p= 0.8 & q=0.2
If the heterozygouz frequency is 2pq, then it becomes a simple "plug & chug" sort of approach.
2(0.8)(0.2)= 2(0.16)= 0.32
So, the heterozygous frequency would be:
0.32
Hope this helps!
<h2>Visceral pleura</h2>
Explanation:
The portion of the serous membrane that covers and adheres to the lung is called visceral pleura
- Pleura are the pair of membranous linings surrounding the lungs
- The visceral pleura covers each lung surface, and the parietal pleura covers the inner surface of the thoracic cavity
- The visceral pleura is a delicate membrane which dips into the fissures between the lobes of the lung
- Pleura allows the lungs to move inside the body cavity without friction as friction would cause damage to the lungs and the tissue in the chest wall
Your answer is gravitational forces
Answer:
The correct option is A. Bacteria are prokaryotes and protists are eukaryotes
Explanation:
The major difference between BACTERIA AND PROTISTS is the Bacteria are PROKARYOTES in nature and they dont have what we called nucleus reason been that their microbes are single celled microbes while protists on the other hand are EUKARYOTIC in nature and they have nucleus and they can either have a single-celled or have more than one celled.
The Second difference is that protists can only be found in the area or surrounding that are mostly moisture while bacterial on the second hand can be found in every area, environment or surrounding.
Therefore the answer that best explains the difference between both protists and bacteria
Is option A which states that Bacteria are PROKARYOTES while protists are EUKARYOTES.
