Anyone know the answer plz help

ANTIBIOTICS are drugs which are drugs or medications which are administered to either kill or stop the growth of an invading pathogenic bacteria that is causing infection in the body. This can be taken orally, topically or administered by a trained health care provider through injections.

When these medications are taken for a long period of time it may lead to the developer of various level of resistance by the bacteria. ANTIMICROBIAL RESISTANCE therefore occurs when there is overuse or abuse of antibiotics which gives bacteria the opportunity to develop resistance to the antibiotics and have better chances of survival.

The mechanism through which bacteria develop resistance includes:

--> Enzymatic inactivation of the antibiotic: There are enzymes on the surface of the bacteria that with time modifies to react with the antibiotic in such a way it won't affect the bacteria.

--> Antibiotic efflux pumps the antibiotic out of the cell: One of the types of efflux pumps include the RND (resistance - nodulation - division) which directly crosses the bacteria cell wall and allows direct pumping out of antibiotic drug.

--> Altered target site, such that the antibiotic can no longer bind to the target

--> Microbe uses an alternative pathway to circumvent the blocked pathway.

--> Decreased permeability to the antibiotic: Bacteria are also capable of modifying their outer membrane to decrease permeability of antibiotic especially at low doses.

5 0

2 years ago

Mendel crossed yellow-seeded and green-seeded pea plants and then allowed the offspring to self-pollinate to produce an F2 gener

pashok25 [27]

Answer:

C. The green allele is recessive to the yellow allele

Explanation:

Complete dominance occurs when one gene variant or allele referred to as the 'dominant allele' completely masks the expression of another allele referred to as the 'recessive allele' in heterozygous individuals, i.e., in individuals carrying one copy of the dominant allele and one copy of the recessive allele for a particular locus/gene (whereas homo-zygous individuals carry the same alleles for a given locus/gene). Mendel crossed pure lines of pea plants, i.e., homo-zygous lines for different traits such as seed color (yellow and green) and seed shape (round and wrinkled). In this case, the parental cross was YY x yy, where the 'Y' allele is dominant and encodes for yellow seed color, and the 'y' allele is recessive and encodes for green seed color. From this cross, Mendel obtained a hybrid F1 (i.e., all progeny was heterozygous with genotype Yy). An expected 3:1 ratio as observed in this case (6,022 yellow and 2,001 green seed >> 3:1 ratio) is characteristic of the progeny that results from mating between F1 heterozygous parents, where each parent has one dominant allele and one recessive allele, i.e., F1 parental cross: Yy x Yy >> F2: 1/4 YY (yellow color); 1/2 Yy (yellow color); 1/4 (green color) >> 3:1 ratio of yellow to green seeds.

4 0

3 years ago