Answer:
3. Antibody-independent pathways of complement activation rely on complement components that directly bind to microbial surfaces.
Explanation:
There are three pathways of complement activation:
- The classical pathway.
- The alternative pathway.
- The lectin pathway.
The classical pathway is triggered by binding of C1 either to the pathogen surface or to antibody bound to the pathogen.
The alternative pathway is triggered by the spontaneous hydrolysis of soluble C3 to C3(H₂O) and initiates eventual deposition of C3 convertase on microbial surfaces.
The lectin pathway is triggered by the binding of mannose-binding lectin or ficolins to carbohydrate residues in microbial cell walls and capsules.
Answer: Acid rain is a product of the <u>chemical reaction of sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxide that is released with water, oxygen, and other chemicals into the atmosphere.</u> <u>Sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxide dissolve in water and can be carried several miles by the wind</u>. After traveling for a long distance,<u> the two compounds become part of rain, sleet, snow or fog.</u> <u>Power plants emit sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxide when fossil fuels such as coal are burned to produce electricity.</u> Aswell as <u>the exhaust from cars, trucks, and buses releases sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxide into the air.</u>
This depends on what organism you're referring to.
Humans have 23 sets of chromosomes.
In mitosis, identical cells are being produced.
