Answer:
3. Antibody-independent pathways of complement activation rely on complement components that directly bind to microbial surfaces.
Explanation:
There are three pathways of complement activation:
- The classical pathway.
- The alternative pathway.
- The lectin pathway.
The classical pathway is triggered by binding of C1 either to the pathogen surface or to antibody bound to the pathogen.
The alternative pathway is triggered by the spontaneous hydrolysis of soluble C3 to C3(H₂O) and initiates eventual deposition of C3 convertase on microbial surfaces.
The lectin pathway is triggered by the binding of mannose-binding lectin or ficolins to carbohydrate residues in microbial cell walls and capsules.
Coral reefs are the world's most diverse ecosystems. imagine how many species of creatures will go extinct due to human fault.
<span>The most primitive vertebrates whose reproductive pattern includes the amniotic eggs are the reptiles.
An amniotic egg is filled with amniote, which are these membranes that have fluid in them. They serve to protect the embryo and enable it to survive any harsh conditions that may harm it. These cells have protein shells as well as calcium that provide further protection.
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A is the answer because the hexabe dissolves in a matter of time.
Answer is D.
you can learn A,B, and C from examining fossils
