John W. Mackay and George Hearst had interests in owning mines in common.
Hope this helps,
Davinia.
Do you mean the conflict between 1853 and 1853?
All the parties in this conflict were:
The Ottoman Empire (today's Turkey), which had an alliance with France, United Kingdom and the Kingdom of Sardinia (which was only part of Italy in 1861).
Their opponent was Russia.
This is the right answers here James Monroe
Robert Livingston .
hope this help out
Information in the link below:
https://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/germany-resumes-unrestricted-submarine-warfare