A a group of individual states
Byzantine empire didn't choose its ruler democratically - I believe the throne was inherited. Powerful military leaders refer to many countries, not only Byzantium. This also refers to great appreciation for the arts.
I would say that the answer which belongs only in the Byzantine section of the chart is that it was centered in Constantinople.
The Renaissance in Italy was literally a "re-birth" of the ideals of classical Greece, meaning that a change of thinking occurred that put things like the arts and sciences back into focus.
<span>Jefferson and Madison both belonged to the Democratic Republican Party. They were in opposition to Hamilton's Federalist Party, Jefferson and Madison believed in the strict reading of the Constitution which limits power to the Federal Government.</span>