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Locked‐in syndrome (de‐efferented state) is the result of bilateral ventral pontine lesions that produce quadriplegia, aphonia, and impairment of the horizontal eye movements in some patients. Wakefulness is maintained due to sparing of the reticular formation. Patients can move their eyes vertically and can blink because the supranuclear ocular motor pathways lie more dorsally (see Chapter 1). In some patients, there is a “herald” hemiparesis that makes the lesion appear to be cortical in nature. However, within a few hours, there is progression to bilateral hemiplegia and CN findings associated with the locked‐in syndrome.
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1=B, 2=C, 3=D, 4=A Hope this helps you.
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Kupffer cells, also known as stellate macrophages due to their particular structure while viewed under a microscope, were first identified by scientist Karl Wilhelm von Kupffer, after whom the cells were named, in 1876.
These cells, whose origin is in the yolk sack during fetal development, later on move to the liver where they will stay and further differentiate into their mature versions.
These cells are part of the liver cells, and are found particularly on the walls of the sinusoids, where they perform their two most important tasks. First, these cells are part of the immune system, as they are essentially macrophages. However, their role is pretty unique, as they are responsible not just for phagocytosis of invading bacteria, and other pathogens, and initiating immune responses, but also, this cell plays a role in decomposing red blood cells who are dying, and taking up the hemoglobin from them to further break that into reusable globin, and the heme group, from which iron is further extracted to be re-used and also to create bilirrubin, a part of bile.
Finally, these cells have been found to be connected to hepatic cirrhosis, as in their process of detoxifying ethanol, they produce toxins that force the liver cells to produce collagen, and thus to become fibrous.
Drug Antagonism is when two drugs cancel out each other's effects on the body, for example, nicotine canceling out the beneficial effects of blood pressure medicine.
Drug Antagonism is an interaction between two or more medications that have diametrically opposed physiological effects. Drug antagonists may prevent or lessen one or more medications' ability to work. Chemical antagonism is the process by which a drug interacts chemically with either a chemical or another drug, resulting in a diminished or nonexistent effect.
When two medications operating on various receptors and pathways have opposing effects on the same physiologic system, this is referred to as physiologic antagonism. Drugs that form drug-receptor complexes with their targets but do not activate or activate a response are known as antagonists.
They can stop the endogenous activator from binding to the receptor, preventing proper action (zero efficacy).
Here is another question with an answer similar to this about how drugs cancel each other: brainly.com/question/3406901
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