Answer:
d . all of the above
Explanation:
I want to say this because this is what iv learned but I may be wrong . and Im sorry if I am:)(
Answer:Commitment
Explanation:according to Hirschi ,1969, who defines four social bond , commitment refers to how an individual invests their time fully in social activities and institutions.
According to Hirschi's committment is what set boundaries between association and deviance within society. Those who puts all their time and energy in social activities will conform to social norms and expectations and are less likely to engage in deviant behavior.
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I believe the answer is pan-Africanism (if in connections academy then d)