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4 years ago

The human immune system fights infection by

Biology

2 answers:

lesya [120]4 years ago

4 0

Answer;

Antibodies.

The human immune system fights infection by releasing antibodies.

Explanation;

The immune system acts to defend the body against pathogens such as viruses, bacteria and fungi that may cause a disease.

It does so using various types of mechanism, one is by the production of antibodies.

Antibodies are proteins that are produced by the B-cell and are used by the immune system to identify and neutralize pathogens.

These antibodies also activates proteins known as complements which assist in the killing of bacteria, viruses and the infected cells.

rjkz [21]4 years ago

3 0

The human immune system fights infection by releasing antbodies (3)

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I would say maybe natural materials such as copper, gold, and diamonds, because they all come from the ground

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Contrast the genetic content and the origin of sister versus nonsister chromatids during their earliest appearance in prophase I

11111nata11111 [884]

Complete question:

Question: Contrast the genetic content and the origin of sister versus nonsister chromatids during their earliest appearance in prophase I of meiosis.

a) Sister chromatids are genetically similar, except where mutations may have occurred during DNA replication. Nonsister chromatids are genetically dissimilar.

b. Sister chromatids are genetically identical, except where mutations may have occurred during DNA replication. Nonsister chromatids are genetically similar if on homologous chromosomes and genetically dissimilar if on nonhomologous chromosomes.

c. Sister chromatids are genetically identical, except where mutations may have occurred during DNA replication. Nonsister chromatids are genetically similar.

d. Sister chromatids are not genetically similar, except where mutations may have occured during DNA replication. Nonsister chromatids are genetically similar if on homologous chromosomes and genetically dissimilar if on nonhomologous chromosomes.

Answer:

Explanation:

A chromosome has two chromatids after the S phase of the cell cycle. The replicated DNA molecules are accommodated in the sister chromatids. Therefore, two chromatids of a chromosome carry the identical DNA molecule and are genetically identical to each other. The sister chromatids may carry different genes if one or more mutation occurs in their DNA.

Two chromatids of two different chromosomes are called non-sister chromatids. Homologous chromosomes are the chromosomes that are similar in morphology and genetic constitution. Therefore, two chromatids of a homologous pair are also non-sister chromatids but have genetically identical sequences. For example, the two non-sister chromatids of the pair of chromosome 21 in humans carry the alleles for the same genes.

However, the non-sister chromatids that belong to nonhomologous chromosomes carry different genes and are not genetically identical.

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4 years ago

Briefly explain why only chromosomes of a homologous pair can have their alleles referred toas homozygous or heterozygous

tatuchka [14]

This is due to the fact that only homologous chromosomes would have identical genes located at identical sites on those chromosomes. Otherwise, there would be no connection between the alleles of various genes.

Although the genes and loci of the two members of the homologous pair are similar, the alleles may vary.For instance, both allele possess the genes responsible for the attribute of eye colour. While the one has alleles for the blue-eye trait, other has alleles for the brown-eye trait. The homologous chromosomes are said to be heterozygous in this instance since the alleles are different.

On the other hand, when both alleles for a gene that codes for the blue-eye phenotype are present, it is said to be homozygous.

To learn more about homologous chromosomes click here

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Step2247 [10]

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