I believe that the chemical buffers provide the shortest term mechanisms for preventing acid-base imbalances in the body. Chemical buffers normally act within a fraction of a second to resist a pH change. On the other hand the longest mechanism is the kidney system which ordinarily requires from several hours to a day or more to affect changes in blood pH.
Th memory cells differ from the effector cells in that the memory cells live longer. Two types of cells are produced by the clonal selection, these are the effector cells and the memory cells. Effector cells are relatively short lived activated cells that defend the body in an immune response. Effector B cells are called plasma cells and secrete antibodies, and activated T cells include cytotoxic T cells and helper T cells, which carry out cell-mediated responses. The production of effector cells in response first time exposure to an antigen is called the primary immune response. The memory produced at this time and only become active in case of a re-exposure to the same antigen that stimulated their formation.
In the conversion of glucose to pyruvate, one step of the actual steps involves electron transfer. The correct option is B.
<h3>What is glycolysis?</h3>
Glycolysis is the method of breaking glucose to produce energy. It generates two pyruvate molecules, ATP, NADH, and water. The process occurs in a cell's cytoplasm and can take place in aerobic or anaerobic organisms.
It can occur even without oxygen. During glycolysis, glucose is broken down into pyruvate and energy, yielding a total of two ATP. One of the actual steps in the conversion of glucose to pyruvate involves electron transfer.
Thus, the correct option is B, it involves one step.
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Your question seems incomplete, the missing options are:
A. none. B. 1. C. 2. D. 3. E. 4.
They are the source of new genetic variation
