Illegal or "underground" earnings from crime or from untaxed (undeclared) work or activity are __________.

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Underground earnings or illegal earnings from the crime committed by a person or from untaxed (undeclared) activity or work are considered as income. We can considered it as income because it comes from your hard work, crime specially theft is also comes from hard work. So it is also considered to be INCOME.

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When doing medical research with human subjects, which four limitations are un voidable?

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The four limitations are

1.It's often impossible to repeat trials on the same subjects.

2-Subjects may report an inaccurate medical history.

3-It can be difficult to control all possible variables.

4-It's impossible to come up with testable scientific questions for human subjects.

Research involving human beings is ultimately necessary for improvements in human health and welfare. Any results about healthy physiology, illness causes, treatment effectiveness, learning, or behavior must be verified by carefully controlled investigations involving human participants. Sadly, not all human research have been valid and beneficial. It is possible to harm people in the name of research. The most well-known instances happened in Nazi Germany. Investigations conducted after the war found several crimes, including experiments in which participants were submerged in extremely cold water to determine how long it would take them to pass away from hypothermia.