A participle has the following form: verb + -ing, and the only word in this sentence that takes that form is A, 'flying', which is the correct answer.
I would say that you would only use them when you are writing in the thousands or more other than that u don't use them
The list you look for is a). The verb 'to go' is an irregular verb because it completely changes its form in the past: went - gone.
