The adaptive immune response is the second line of defense against non-self pathogens. Adaptive immunity, also known as acquired immunity or specific immunity, is found only in vertebrates.
<h3>What is second line of defense?</h3>
Nonspecific resistance, which destroys invaders without targeting specific individuals, is the second line of defense: phagocytic cells ingest and destroy all microbes that enter body tissues.
The adaptive immune response is the body's second line of defense against non-self pathogens. Adaptive immunity, also known as acquired immunity or specific immunity, is found only in vertebrates.
Thus, adaptive immune system is a natural, nonspecific immune response, but it is part of the body's second line of defense.
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Studying fossils allowed researchers to learn about organisms that lived long ago. The fossils provide as evolutionary evidence that shows how organisms in our present time have evolved over time and which common ancestors they are tied to. Fossils also provide information about climate change depending on the region and location they are found in. Fossils also date back to millenias ago, so fossils dated very far back in the past can help researchers infer that life had existed even farther than what they might have discovered. And finally, by studying fossils, you can determine how the organism may have died.
Hello there!
This is important for the flowers <span>sexual reproduction cycle because the transfer of the pollen from the male flowers to the female flowers is what causes the flowers to reproduce.
This would not be considered </span><span>asexual reproduction because the flowers cannot reproduce on its own without the male part transferring its pollen to the female part.
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Hi there.
to maintain bone health, fiber is the only vitamin that is synthesized by microbes in the intestine.
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The correct sequence is; Glycolysis-pyruvate-acetyl CoA-krebs cycle-electron transport chain.
Glycolysis is a sequence of reactions for the breakdown of glucose to two molecules of pyruvic acid under aerobic conditions, Krebs cycle is a series of chemical reactions used by all aerobic organisms to release stored energy through the oxidation of acetyl-CoA derived from carbohydrates, fats, and proteins into carbon dioxide and chemical energy in the energy carriers, while electron transport chain involves a series of complexes that transfer electrons from electron donors to electron acceptors via redox reactions and couples this transfer with the transfer of protons across a membrane.
