c) thin filaments slide past thick filaments towards the M line
Explanation:
Each muscle fiber has many myofibrils composed of many sarcomeres which have thick and thin filaments. Thick filaments are made of myosin protein whereas thin filaments have actin protein. There are various bands and zones in a sarcomere like A band, I band etc. H zone consists of only thick filaments. It has a central vertical line called as M line where the accessory proteins hold together the thick filaments.
According to sliding filament mechanism, sarcomere must shorten for muscle to contract. However sarcomere shortening is not caused due to shortening of thick and thin filaments. Instead they slide over each other towards the M line which leads to shortening of sarcomere without changing the length of filaments. The sliding is caused by forming of cross bridges between actin and myosin proteins.
Answer: Such constant change has characterized Earth since its beginning some 4.5 billion years ago. From the outset, heat and gravity shaped the evolution of the planet. These forces were gradually joined by the global effects of the emergence of life.
Human diploid cells have 23 pairs of chromosomes. Because of independent assortment during meiosis I, there are 223, or 8.4 million possible gametes that may be created even if crossing over didn't occur.
The Last Universal Common Ancestor (LUCA) is the most recent common ancestor of all current life on Earth, estimated to have lived some 3.5 to 3.8 billion years ago
