On the flanks of the body, medial to the rectus femoris, the abdominal wall is composed of three layers. The external oblique muscles form the outermost layer, while the internal oblique muscles form the middle layer, and the transverses abdominus forms the innermost layer.
The acidic urinary pH increases the formation of uric acid or cysteine crystals. Therefore, kidney stones are very much influenced by urinary pH. More acidic urine and a higher frequency of uric acid stones have been associated with patients with inadequate ammonium excretion of metabolic syndrome.
Kidney stone disease results from deficiencies in urinary acidification, which result in the excretion of improperly alkaline or acidic urines, respectively. Patients with uncommon mendelian kidney stone variants have mutations in several enzymes, transporters, receptors, or channels. Numerous of these alterations either result in an increase in the excretion of chemicals that can crystallise or stone, a change in the composition of the urine that promotes crystal formation, or both.
Kidney stones can occur as a result of a variety of variables
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