Answer:
A proton gradient is generated by the transport of protons into the thylakoid lumen.
Protons move from the thylakoid lumen to the stroma through ATP synthase, producing ATP.
Explanation:
During photosynthesis, the environment is made acidic inside the lumen i.e. H⁺ are pumped into thylakoid lumen from stroma as a result of which more H⁺ are present in the thylakoid lumen as compared to stroma. It happens during light dependent reaction of photosynthesis. The concentration of H⁺ is already higher in lumen and transfer of more and more H⁺ from stroma increases the concentration of H⁺ even more leading to generation of a potential gradient. These H⁺ subsequently tend to move freely from lumen to stroma via "reverse pumps known as ATP synthase". The reason why these are known as reverse pumps is because pumps usually move particles from lower to higher concentration which is an active movement i.e. not natural so such movement requires energy. Naturally particles move from higher to lower concentration gradient until the concentration becomes equal on both the sides but pumps act opposite of this natural process and move particles from lower to higher concentration and utilize energy to do it. But here H⁺ are moving from higher to lower concentration which occurs naturally so ATP synthase rather than using energy tend to generate energy and this free energy is used to generate ATP from ADP & Pi (inorganic phosphate).
Answer:
starch molecules are too large to diffuse through the membrane.
Explanation:
No, since it is an island separate from the mainland Ecuador and has been uniquely isolated over the past several hundred thousand years, the species on the Galapagos Islands have had time to evolve differently and separately than those in Ecuador, leading to many different, diverse species on the Galapagos that don't exist in Ecuador
The sense organs that are located on the head and in the mouth of a fetal pig are the Ears, mouth, eyes, nose, and tongue. The pig, just like humans, experiences sound, sight, taste, smell, heat, cold, pain and also balance. The way it responds to these assists humans in the recognition of health and diseases. For instance pain and the posture will often indicate a specific disease such as a fracture of the vertebrae in the spine.
