Increasing evidence supports the importance of hemodynamic forces that are directly related to the work of the heart as the primary triggering event of atherosclerosis and atherothrombosis. The factors that primarily determine the work of the heart include systolic blood pressure (BP), blood viscosity, and the volume of blood the myocardium has to pump.
The relationship between BP and viscosity is such that, given a constant systolic BP, if blood viscosity increases, then the total peripheral resistance (TPR) will necessarily increase, thereby reducing blood flow. Conversely, when viscosity decreases, blood flow and perfusion will increase. Because of the dependence of systemic arterial BP on cardiac output and TPR, if blood viscosity and TPR rise, systolic BP must then increase for cardiac output to be maintained. Consequently, blood viscosity has been established as a major determinant of the work of the heart and tissue perfusion [1]. Since increased viscosity requires a higher BP to ensure the same circulating volume of blood, both the burden on the heart and the forces acting on the vessel wall are directly modulated by changes in blood viscosity.
Three important studies helped establish the relationship between blood pressure and blood viscosity. The earliest study observed 49 normal subjects and 49 patients with untreated essential hypertension, showing a direct correlation between BP and blood viscosity among both normotensive and hypertensive subjects (p<0.001). Systolic blood viscosity was 8 to 10% higher in hypertensive patients compared with normotensive controls, and diastolic blood viscosity was 16 to 28% higher in hypertensive patients. Subgroups each comprised of 25 subjects having matched hematocrits were also compared, and viscosity remained significantly higher in hypertensive subjects (p<0.05). [2]
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Survival I think (sorry if im wrong)
A grassland is a biome where dominant vegetation is grasses, a consumer of this biome can be a herbivore (e.g., a rabbit). Coral reefs are home to millions of species of marine animals.
<h3>Coral reefs, seaweed and forest biome</h3>
Coral reefs are fundamental for protecting wildlife in marine ecosystems.
Seaweed is a common plant in the Euphotic Zone (Sunlight Zone, also called Epipelagic Zone), along with algae and phytoplankton.
Temperate broadleaf forests are represented by areas with marked warm and cool seasons that show moderate annual average temperatures (3 °C to 25 °C).
Examples of producers in a temperate broadleaf forest may be Eucalyptus species, whereas consumers may include, for example, elk, etc.
Learn more about temperate broadleaf forests here:
brainly.com/question/26371456
Plants on Earth provide food, some even provide shelter to some animals, and plants such as trees provide oxygen to the environment.
