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Monarchs had to respect certain basic rights of citizens.
The Magna Carta, Magna Carta Libertatum (latin) which means "The Great Charter" is a charter issued by King John of England, which established for the first time that everybody, including the king should obey the law. It basically was the start of protecting the rights of the citizens, and limited the monarchs power. This charter was created to deal with the political crisis in 1215.
<u> Reaction to Senator Charles Sumner in 1857:</u>
This event happened on May 22, 1856. Two days before which Charles Sumner had given a speech against slaveholders and criticizing then heavily publicly, which also included a relative of Brooks.
So, taking this as an insult, Preston Brooks in retaliation beat Sumner with a Walking cane, and this incident significantly contributed to the country’s polarization toward the issue of slavery. There was a lot violence that followed the event and was eventually one of the reasons for the American Civil War.
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Alexander the Great was an ancient Macedonian ruler and one of history's greatest military minds who, as King of Macedonia and Persia, established the largest empire the ancient world had ever seen.
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