Answer:
D. trait formation due to behaviors
Explanation:
It is obvious to see that the three animals, cat, whale, and bat, have the same basic structure of their forelimbs, but also that they have developed differently and have taken a new shape. The reason for this is a trait formation due to behavior. The cats ancestors were terrestrial, and the cats have remained terrestrial, walking on their four legs, and having the same shape and function as their ancestors. The whales had similar forelimbs, but their ancestors started to move more and more in water. As they did, they needed more muscle power, but also greater width of the forelimb so that they can move more easily and more efficiently in the water. This behavior has gradually resulted in a flat, strong, peddle like forelimb. The bat too had similar forelimbs to that of the cat, but its ancestors started to try to fly. The process was gradual, and it started with jumping, then longer jumps, development of skin between the fingers, elongation of the fingers, thus provide more area for development of wider skin area. This has resulted in developing a light, wide, skin dominated forelimb with elongated fingers, providing flight for the bat.
Answer:
Methanesulfinic acid (MSIA) is an important intermediate in the oxidation of dimethyl sulfide (DMS) in the marine boundary layer. The oxidation of MSIA by ozone in the gas phase to form methanesulfonic acid (MSA) was investigated using theoretical calculations in this paper. Three pathways can be found for the reaction of MSIA with ozone. The highest energy barrier is 13.02 kcal mol−1 in the most favorable pathway. By comparing the reaction rate of MSIA + O3 with that of MSIA + OH, it can be concluded that the oxidation of MSIA by O3 to form MSA is of minor significance relative to its oxidation by OH radical in the gas phase. This study can provide some information for the theoretical and experimental studies in the significantly heterogeneous and aqueous-phase oxidation of MSIA by O3.
Parasitism, natural disasters
The answer is eukarya. While Eukarya, Archaea, and Eubacteria may share some similarities, the most distinctive feature of eukarya is the presence of a membrane-bound nucleus containing the cell's genetic information. This diverse group includes plants, animals, fungi, and protists (unicellular organisms).
