The relevant field is astrobiology, the most highly funded branch of science that has the least scientific evidence supporting it. It encompasses cosmology, chemistry, geology, astrophysics, and biology predominantly and is exploring and attempting to generate knowledge on every aspect of naturalistic investigation of panspermia, habitability of exoplanets, energy sources in the cosmos, potential astro-intelligence, and composition of meteors, comets, asteroids, planets, solar systems and galaxies. The scope of astrobiology must accommodate virtually all of physical reality to be truly comprehensive.
Astrobiology is not funded well enough for the scope of the task, but is driving much of the science universe exploration projects to try to answer one of the fundamental questions of human history, is there other life and how did life come into being. Panspermia, non-directed (biochemical compounds from extraterrestrial sources of any type) and directed (intentional or non-intentional alien transmitted sources) are a prime astrobiological theoretical field and the search for extraterrestrial intelligence,SETI, is also a prime focus of astrobiology,
A Punnett square would help here.
Let's say (R) is dominant red and (r) is recessive red, aka yellow.
You start with F1 hybrid flowers that are all (Rr) - these are all <em>orange</em>. So when they reproduce, both parents are (Rr). When you create a Punnett square, you'll see that the results for the F2 generation are (RR), (rr), and (Rr) twice.
(RR) is red, (rr) is yellow, and (Rr) is orange, just like the F1 generation.
Out of the three domains, Archaea, Bacteria and Eukarya, the vital differences may be identified in order to classify the cell. Eukaryotic cells possess membrane-bound organelles; on the other hand, the domains archaea and eukarya contain cells are prokaryotic, so they do not have membrane bound organelles. Moreover, they also possess ester linkages in their cell membranes, which allow them to survive more extreme environments (especially true for archaea). By studying the cell membrane of the cell, distinction can be made.
