Monoclonal antibodies are made by the fusion of cells of the immune system with B lymphocytes and myeloma cells.
<h3>What is Hybridoma technology?</h3>
- It is one of the best technologies that is used to produce the monoclonal antibody.
- In this hybridoma technology the B lymphocytes that are antibody producing are isolated from a source after the immunization with a specific antigen and then are fused with myeloma cell line to form hybrid cells that are also called as hybridoma cell lines.
- The hybridoma cell lines are then cultured in the laboratory with specific antigen and then the monoclonal antibodies are produced.
- This can be done in in-vivo or in-vitro condition.
- This method is preferred over all because the production of antibodies by this method is good as the antibodies produced are of high purity and highly sensitive and specific.
- These cell lines can also be preserved for a long time.
- Hybridoma technology has resulted in production of different varieties of monoclonal antibodies with specificity with specific antigens as the monoclonal antibodies are produced by single parental B cells.
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Bacteria has cytoplasm and ribosomes which are common with all cells and other living organisms
The majority of mutations have neither negative nor positive effects on the organism in which they occur.
Answer:
So there's a simple explanation for the Great Oxidation Event. It was the cyanobacteria, pumping out unwanted oxygen, that transformed Earth's atmosphere. ... That means the cyanobacteria were busy pumping out oxygen for at least half a billion years before oxygen started appearing in the air.
Explanation:
Well, there's producers and consumers. There is also one provider that is the main source of energy for all living things which is the sun. The sun provides sunlight for the producers to make their own food through photosynthesis then consumers come and eat the producers(plants) and that gives them energy. And then predators come and eat that animal and that provides their energy.
