European arrival in the Americas decimated both indigenous people and previously-flourishing ecosystems. Colonization ruptured many ecosystems, bringing in new organisms while eliminating others.
The Europeans brought many diseases with them that decimated Native American populations.
Colonists and Native Americans alike looked to new plants as possible medicinal resources. The European presence in America spurred countless changes in the environment, negatively affecting native animals as well as people. The popularity of beaver-trimmed hats in Europe, coupled with Native Americans’ desire for European weapons, led to the overhunting of beavers in the Northeast. Soon, beavers were extinct in New England, New York, and other areas. With their loss came the loss of beaver ponds, which had served as habitats for fish as well as water sources for deer, moose, and other animals. Furthermore, Europeans introduced pigs, which they allowed to forage in forests and other wildlands. Pigs consumed the foods on which deer and other indigenous species depended, resulting in scarcity of the game native peoples had traditionally hunted.
European ideas about owning land as private property clashed with indigenous people's understanding of land use. Native Americans did not believe in private ownership of land; instead, they viewed land as a resource to be held in common for the benefit of the group. Colonizers erected fields, fences, and other means of demarcating private property. Indigenous people who moved seasonally to take advantage of natural resources now found areas off-limits, claimed by colonizers. Perhaps the single greatest impact of European colonization on the North American environment was the introduction of disease. Microbes to which native inhabitants had no immunity caused sickness and death everywhere Europeans settled. Along the New England coast between 1616 and 1618, epidemics claimed the lives of 75 percent of the indigenous people. In the 1630s, half of the Huron and Iroquois people living near the Great Lakes died of smallpox. The very young and the very old were the most vulnerable and had the highest mortality rates. The loss of the older generation meant the loss of knowledge and tradition, while the deaths of children only compounded the trauma.
Some indigenous people perceived disease as a weapon used by hostile spiritual forces, and they went to war to exorcise the disease from their midst. These “mourning wars” in eastern North America were designed to gain captives who would either be adopted or ritually tortured and executed to assuage the anger and grief caused by loss, THAT TOOK AWHILE TO TYPE LOL
Answer:
Explanation:After the war of 1812, it seemed to men like Henry Clay and John Calhoun that the United States needed to find a way to become stronger and more independent. They and people who shared their beliefs came to be called National Republicans. By 1819, when a great economic depression struck the nation, it was extremely apparent that the current economic system was not working at all. Also in 1819, when Missouri petitioned to join the Union as a slave state, officials realized that in order to maintain the union, slavery could not figure into politics. Building on these ideas, the National Republicans created a system that concentrated on strengthening industry and infrastructure while ignoring issues like slavery . The system that Henry Clay spearheaded was called the American System. It included a restrictive tariff on trade goods such as glassware, china, shoes, and tailored items. The purpose of the tariff was to boost United States industry and crafting, which it succeeded in when placed in conjunction with advances in transportation. In 1816, Congress passed bills to promote internal improvements. As a result of this, many roads, canals, and railroads were built, including the National Road and the Eire Canal. These revolutions in transportation made working in more rural areas more plausible as those same rural areas became accessible by road, rail, or canal. Also because of these advances came large changes in manufacturing and land use. Originally, American crafting was much like European crafting: it worked within the system of a Master, Journeyman, and Apprentice skill levels. An apprentice would work for a master, learning the skill and eventually becoming a journeyman, crafters who worked for masters in order to earn enough money to open their own shop and thus become masters themselves. With the revolution in transportation and the demand for large quantities of low-quality goods, the nature of crafting changed dramatically. Instead of a few people knowing all of a craft and doing excellent work on it, masters began to hire people to do one small part of the job and pay by the piece. In the end, they would have a lower quality finished product, but more of it. These they could sell at a higher profit margin and in larger quantities, thus making far more money. Land use likewise changed as farming began to fall out of favor and support moved toward industry. Instrumental in supporting this change in the way land was used was the judiciary.
During this period, the United States Supreme Court under Chief Justice John Marshall set several precedents and generally supported industrial use of the land, which was a far cry from the former common law idea of how land should be used. Under common law, the general belief was that land should be used for farming, not industry. Through several cases, one of which being the Dartmouth College Case in 1819, the court ruled in favor of Dartmouth College, which was selling land to local entrepreneurs. This case redefined the definition of a corporation and strengthened the idea that the Supreme Court could overturn the rulings of lower courts, a precedent set in 1816 with Martin v. Hunter’s Lessee.
