The election of 1800 was fiercely contested and facilitated the rise of the two-party system and bitter partisanship.
Upon entering office, Jefferson focused on reducing the national debt he had inherited from his predecessors. His administration lowered excise taxes while slashing government spending. Additionally, the Jefferson administration reduced the size of the Navy, ultimately bringing the national debt down from $83 to $57 million. Foreign developments, however, including the intensification of piracy along the Barbary Coast, would necessitate the rebuilding of the Navy and its establishment as a permanent part of the US government.
Jefferson dealt with two major challenges to US authority: piracy along the Barbary Coast of North Africa, and British impressment, which resulted in Jefferson instating a mass embargo of European goods, the Embargo Act of 1807.
Jefferson authorized the Louisiana Purchase, which effectively doubled the territory of the United States.
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In late 19th century/early 20th century, the United States had become a global power with interests - and investments - around the globe. It was a new status and it had was symbolized by the victory in the Spanish-American War. The US was strong, modern and industrialized and it could support a powerful army and the powerful navy advocated by naval strategist Alfred Thayer Mahan. The "big stick diplomacy" meant that the US could impose its preferred outcomes abroad by military force if it wanted to. It translated into military interventions in the Caribbean to bring order in troubled nations and prevent European intervention, anathema to the Monroe Doctrine.
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b. All people work together to get the job done
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One of the major ways in which the Black codes attempted to reimpose bondage on former slaves was through making it much harder for them to vote in elections. It also limited their social and economic mobility through segregation.
