The answer is 'by not fulfilling expectations'. The other options don't really surprise the reader, and if the plot is going into one direction, and then what you'd expect to happen doesn't actually happen, you are surprised, and the element of irony is achieved.
False because there is no need when writing a sentence but when doing a paragraph or essay yes
Answer:
After the previous Thane of Cawdor is found guilty of treason, Duncan bequeaths his title on Macbeth in gratitude for Macbeth's courage in battle.
Explanation:
The answer would be number four i hope the helps you :)