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jasenka [17]
3 years ago
8

How might an RNA-based genome result in an increased infection rate? What are some potential complications to this infection str

ategy?
Biology
1 answer:
WITCHER [35]3 years ago
3 0

Answer:

I think the question is "How might an RNA-based genome results display an increased in infection rate?" because current statement doesn't convey a message clearly.

Explanation:

To answer this question, we need to understand first that what is gene expression. Gene expression is a process in which genetic information is transcribed first to RNA and then into proteins. During transcription stage, only active genes would be transcribed to RNA and all other DNA material don't transcribe at all. Now, if there is an infection, host cell would express only those genes which would actively take part in the defense mechanism, e.g. R-genes, genes involved in production of reactive oxygen species, etc. Hence, to monitor the infection rate, we will look at the RNA-based genome. To do this, we will extract the total RNA and then would sequence it. Then we will annotate the genes and check the relative abundance (differential expression). Finally, we would have a clear that these genes were active against the infection. By doing temporal sampling and sequencing, we would be able to measure the rate as well.

For the second part, potential complications that could arise in doing analysis is the lower amount of RNA, or rapid degradation of RNA in case of presence of RNAses. RNA can be degraded easily at room temperature.

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Describe how the changes in the temperature of water, during the change of season affect the organisms that live there? Dissolve
mestny [16]

hanges in temperature affect aquatic life. Temperature determines which organisms will thrive and which will diminish in numbers and size. For each organism there is a thermal death point. Also there is a range of temperature of that produces optimal abundance. The effects of temperature upon life of a cold blooded or poikilotherm are profound. Poikilothermic animals, such as fish, are those whose body temperatures follow closely the temperature of their medium.

These animals have coped with temperature problems in different ways. Not only the organism survival, but growth and reproduction of each organism have critical temperature ranges. Each organism must be favored by the proper temperature if the individual or its population are going to survive. For instance, temperature influences enzymatic reactions through hormonal and nervous control to digestion, from respiration and osmoregulation to all aspects of an organism’s performance and behavior.

High and low temperatures that are lethal to individual organism of a species determines the distribution and abundance it’s populations. However, more often the distribution and abundance of populations is determined by less than lethal temperatures interacting with other environmental factors that either tend to favor or not to favor reproduction and growth.

Increased water temperature is an important consideration when toxic substances are present in water. Many substances (i.e. cyanides, phenol, xylene, zinc) exhibit increased toxicity at elevated temperatures. These toxicities and other physiological interactions are also influenced by temperature acclimation or history of the species.

We can gain a clearer understanding of these interactions through consideration of lethal temperature levels. In relation to the survival of individual organisms, the upper and lower lethal temperatures define the total temperature gradient. Within this temperature gradient, there is a range as shown in Figure 4 in which the species can function at or near optimum. In this range, growth and reproduction temperature requirements are met and the species will be found in greatest abundance. Outside the optimum range, there are zones of physiological stress. In these zones, organisms become infrequent because activities are limited more by temperatures that produce discomfort or stress. The period of time an organism can live under physiological stress is a function of how far the temperature is from the lethal level.

Most changes in water temperature as a result of land use activity generally trend upward. An exception is the release of cold bottom water from stratified artificial impoundments that may alter the flora and fauna for many miles downstream from a dam. Most other activities generally raise the temperature of receiving waters with the following effects:
(a) Higher temperatures diminish the solubility of dissolved oxygen and thus decrease the availability of this essential gas.
(b) Elevated temperatures increase the metabolism, respiration and oxygen demand of fish and other aquatic life, approximately doubling the respiration for a 10° C. rise in temperature. Hence the demand for oxygen is increased under conditions where oxygen supply is lowered.
(c) The solubility of many toxic substances is increased as well as intensified as the temperature rises.
(d) Higher temperatures militate against desirable fish life by favoring the growth of sewage fungus and the putrification of sludge deposits, and finally
(e) even with adequate dissolved oxygen, there is a maximum temperature that each species of fish or other organism can tolerate. Higher temperatures produce death. The maximum temperatures that adult fish can tolerate vary with the species of fish, prior acclimatization, oxygen availability and the synergistic effects of other pollutants.

Median Tolerance Limits (MTL)have been reported are shown in the following table. Species have been arranged in the order of heat tolerance. As shown by this table, Goldfish, Bass and Carp are relatively tolerant of high temperatures, whereas Trout and Salmon are more sensitive. These temperatures, however, apply to adult fish. For spawning and hatching of eggs, much lower temperatures are required. Many species spawn only above or below certain temperatures. Several species of fish and their spawning temperature ranges are shown in Figure (Cooper).



7 0
3 years ago
How do molecules move into and out of most animal cells?
USPshnik [31]

Answer:

The simplest mechanism by which molecules can cross the plasma membrane is passive diffusion. Passive diffusion is thus a nonselective process by which any molecule able to dissolve in the phospholipid bilayer is able to cross the plasma membrane and equilibrate between the inside and outside of the cell.

6 0
3 years ago
Read 2 more answers
1. How are Lipids and Fatty Acids similar? How are they different?<br><br> Use evidence
Eduardwww [97]

Explanation:

Similar: Fatty acids are generally long chains of hydrocarbons with a carboxylic acid group at one of the ends. While Lipids are polymers of fatty acids with a nonpolar hydrocarbon chain and a small polar oxygen group.

Different: Fats are actually a type of lipid. Lipids are a major class of biochemical compounds that includes oils as well as fats. Organisms use lipids to store energy and for many other uses. Lipid molecules consist mainly of repeating units called fatty acids.

6 0
3 years ago
Which type of biome is the most productive?
boyakko [2]
Tropical rain forest biome :)
3 0
3 years ago
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A part of an mRNA has the sequence CCG. Which change to this sequence
Flauer [41]

Answer:

A single nucleotide changes in CCG which will result in missense mutation can be many possibilities.

Explanation:

Missense mutations  

CCG codes for Proline amino acid

• Mutation in first nucleotide codes for  

 UCG specifically encodes Serine

 ACG specifically encodes Threonine  

 GCG specifically encodes Alanine                              

                                                                                      Missense mutation  

• Mutation in second nucleotide specify for coding

 CUG specifically encodes Leucine

 CAG specifically encodes Glutamine  

 CGG specifically encodes Arginine

• Mutation in Third Nucleotide will not result in missense mutation because any point mutation in third nucleotide of codon will encode same amino acid i.e Proline.  

4 0
3 years ago
Read 2 more answers
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