A researcher wants to explore how children are affected by domestic violence against the mother by testing the effectiveness of
children participating in a multi-week discussion group. Children will be enrolled and randomized into one of two groups: A discussion group or wait-list control playgroup. The mothers will fill out a mailed or emailed questionnaire about their child’s behavior and emotional state at baseline, and after the last meeting for each group. Which is the best statement regarding research risks of harm?
Research risks of harm exist for both the children and the mothers; the potential harm is different for each group.
Explanation:
The mothers as well as the children are subjects or participants of the research, and hence are exposed to research risks of getting harm. The risks of harm are different for both. The mothers could be directed towards further domestic violence if the participation in the study were accidentally disclosed. The children participated in the discussion group may experience escalated fears and negative emotions. The children of the discussion group may indulge in additional abuse or situation that require reporting. The children, being randomized in the waiting list will not experience any extra risk of harm.
Dunes form when wind blows sand into a sheltered area behind an obstacle. Dunes grow as grains of sand accumulate. Every dune has a side that faced the wind, and a side that is protected from the wind.
If a parent sees a little girl consoling her teddy bear and says “what a kind girl you are,” this is rewarding for the child and makes it more likely that she will repeat the behavior. Her behavior has been reinforced (i.e., strengthened). Reinforcement can be external or internal and can be positive or negative.
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In 2008, the U.S. total fertility rate was about 2.09. Sometimes the total fertility rate is expressed as the average number of births that an average group of 1,000 women would be expected to have. In this case, the average number of children that one woman is expected to have is simply multiplied by 1,000.
