Question

If the symbol X represents a central atom, Y represents outer atoms, and Z represents lone pairs on the central atom, the structure A central X atom has two lone pairs. Two Y atoms are attached to X with single bonds, could be abbreviated as XY2Z2.
Classify these structures by the hybridization of the central atom.

HYBRIDIZATIONS:
1. sp
2. sp2
3. sp3
4. sp3d
5. sp3d2

ABREVIATIONS:
1) XY2
2) XY3
3) XY4
4) XY5
5) XY6
6) XY2Z3
7) XY2Z
8) XY3Z2
9) XY4Z
10) XY4Z2
11) XY3Z
12) XY5Z
13) XY2Z2

Answer 1

Answer:

1. sp  = XY₂

2. sp²  = XY₂Z, XY₃

3. sp3³ = XY₄, XY₂Z₂, XY₃Z

4. sp³d  = XY₅, XY₂Z₃, XY₃Z₂, XY₄Z

5. sp³d² = XY₆, XY₄Z₂, XY₅Z

Explanation:

this is quite dicey, so it should be looked into carefully.

we would classify each of the abbreviation according to their  hybridization and it electron domain.

⇒ sp hybridization = XY₂

in this, we can see that the central atom X is bonded to two outer atoms Y.

this makes the no of hybrid orbitals and the no of sigma bonds both 2.

electron domain = 2.

⇒ sp² hybridization = XY₂Z, XY₃

Here we can see the central atom X bonded with three outer atoms Y in XY₂Z and in XY₃. For XY₂Z molecule, the no of sigma bonds is 2 and the no of hybrid orbitals is 3. While for XY₃ molecule, the no of sigma bonds is 3 while the no of hybrid orbital is 3.

electron domain = 3.

⇒ sp³ hybridization = XY₄, XY₂Z₂, XY₃Z

for XY₄ molecule, the central atom X is bonded with four outer atoms Y. It has 4 numbers of both the sigma and orbital atoms.

In XY₂Z₂, the central atom X is bonded to 2 outer atoms Y, and has 2 lone pairs Z. From this, the no of hybrid orbitals is 4 and the no of sigma bonds is 2, with 2 lone pairs causing the sp³ hybridization.

⇒ sp³d hybridization = XY₅, XY₂Z₃, XY₃Z₂, XY₄Z

for all the molecules listed above, the sum of both the lone pairs and the outer atoms both give a total of 5, hence have the sp³d structure, viz;

XY₂Z₃:

total electron domain = 2+3 = 5  

XY₃Z₂:

total electron domain = 2+3 = 5

XY₄Z:

total electron domain = 1+4 = 5

⇒ sp³d² hybridization = XY₆, XY₄Z₂, XY₅Z

Same thing goes for the above molecule, where the sum of both the outer atoms and the lone pairs gives a total of 6 as can be seen in the example below.

XY4Z2:

total electron domain = 2+4 = 6

cheers, i hope this helps.