Is there an article for this question?
I think it’s A. The plasma membrane
Organisms adapt to their changing environment. When there is some pressure in the environment (for example, increased competition for food), then species with the most advantageous adaptations will survive. Because environments change pretty frequently, the organisms living there must cope with this change. This leads to ever changing and evolving species and increased biodiversity. Lastly, a high level of biodiversity leads to a healthy ecosystem because of the vast variety of organisms in that space. Many species allows niches to overlap and therefore no one organism occupies one niche.
Answer:
To cause a phase change, you either add heat energy to a substance to cause it to evaporate, melt, or sublimate, or you subtract heat energy, or take it away, to make the substance freeze or condense. Hope it helps!
Explanation:
Answer:
Having considered how an appropriate primary immune response is mounted to pathogens in both the peripheral lymphoid system and the mucosa-associated lymphoid tissues, we now turn to immunological memory, which is a feature of both compartments. Perhaps the most important consequence of an adaptive immune response is the establishment of a state of immunological memory. Immunological memory is the ability of the immune system to respond more rapidly and effectively to pathogens that have been encountered previously, and reflects the preexistence of a clonally expanded population of antigen-specific lymphocytes. Memory responses, which are called secondary, tertiary, and so on, depending on the number of exposures to antigen, also differ qualitatively from primary responses. This is particularly clear in the case of the antibody response, where the characteristics of antibodies produced in secondary and subsequent responses are distinct from those produced in the primary response to the same antigen. Memory T-cell responses have been harder to study, but can also be distinguished from the responses of naive or effector T cells. The principal focus of this section will be the altered character of memory responses, although we will also discuss emerging explanations of how immunological memory persists after exposure to antigen. A long-standing debate about whether specific memory is maintained by distinct populations of long-lived memory cells that can persist without residual antigen, or by lymphocytes that are under perpetual stimulation by residual antigen, appears to have been settled in favor of the former hypothesis.
