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Aliun [14]
3 years ago
8

In the 1970’s the Ford Motor Company sold its subcompact Pinto model with known design defects. In particular, the gas tank’s de

sign and location led to rupture, leaks and explosion in low-speed, rear-impact collisions. Fifty-nine people burned to death in Pinto accidents. Ford had conducted a cost-benefit analysis weighing the cost of fixing the defects ($11 per vehicle) versus their potential liability for law- suits on behalf of accident victims, where Ford placed the value of a human life at $200,000. Ford eventually recalled 1.4 million Pintos to fix the gas tank problem at a total cost of $30 to $40 million. In addition the company ultimately paid out millions more in liability settlements and incurred substantial damage to its reputation.
A) Critique Ford’s actions from the perspective of the NSPE Code of Ethics.
B) One well-known ethical theory, utilitarianism, suggests that an act is ethically justified if it results in the "greatest good for the greatest number" when all relevant stakeholders are considered. Did Ford’s cost-benefit analysis validly apply this theory?
C) What should engineers do when the product they are designing has a known safety defect with an inexpensive remedy?
Business
1 answer:
Elan Coil [88]3 years ago
3 0

Answer and Explanation:

1. The national society of professional engineers code of ethics was violated by Ford motors by selling the pinto model which they already knew had manufacturing defects. The cars had issues that were mostly due to fuel tank fires. The pinto was recalled and the cars were being modified to reduce fire hazards.

As part of the nhse code of conduct, engineers must give impartial, honest and equitable service to the public while also ensuring their safety.

2. When we relate Ford's action with the act of utilitarianism, then the cost benefits analysis of Ford did not take cognizance of the effects that their decisions would have. The utilitarian approach would evaluate each action differently and whatever decisions that might follow from it. Ford did not take account of many factors in their cost benefits analysis. The loss from not replacing the fuel tank was more than the benefits as lots of more would have also been spent settling people out of court.

3. Engineers should take decisions that involves the safety of the public for whom they are designing the product. They should try to correct the design defects first without considering how expensive or inexpensive it is based on ethics.

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4 0
3 years ago
Chang, Inc.'s balance sheet shows a​ stockholders' equity-book value​ (total common​ equity) of ​$750 comma 500. The​ firm's ear
Sholpan [36]

Answer:

The​ price/book ratio is 2.45

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Therefore, price/book ratio=$36.75/$15.01

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3 0
3 years ago
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Explanation:

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3 years ago
At December 31, the records of Nortech Corporation provided the following selected and incomplete data:Common stock (par $1; no
solmaris [256]

Answer:

The following balances have been worked out from the information given in question;

Explanation:

No. of Common stocks issued     $200,000/22         9,091

Paid in capital-Common Stocks               9,091*(22-1)  $90,909      

No. of Treasury Stock                                                         3,000

Treasury stock            3,000*20                                         $60,000      

EPS   =$147,750/(9,091 -3,000)                                          $24

Retained Earnings ($155,000+$147,750-$49,250)           $253,500

                                                 

4 0
3 years ago
Refer to the following financial statements for Crosby Corporation:
Brut [27]

Answer:

Crosby Corporation

a. Statement of Cash Flows

Operating activities:

Operating Income               $304,000

Add Depreciation                  300,000

Cash from operations        $604,000

Changes in working capital items:

Accounts receivable (net)       (5,000)

Inventory                                (70,000)

Prepaid expenses                    27,700

Accounts payable                 243,000

Notes payable                         0

Accrued expenses                 (18,900)

Interest expense                   (87,900)  

Taxes                                   (155,000)

Net cash from operations $537,900

Investing Activities:

Purchase of plant              (480,000)

Investments

 (long-term securities)         16,600

Financing Activities:

Bonds payable                      21,000

Preferred stock dividends  (10,000)

Common stock dividends (153,000)

Net cash flows                  ($67,500)

Reconciliation with cash:

Beginning Cash Balance   134,000                

Ending Cash Balance       $66,500

b. The book value per common share for both 20X1 and 20X2:

= Total stockholders’ equity/Common stock outstanding

         20X1                                    20X2

=  $ 1,445,400/150,000              $ 1,343,500/150,000

= $9.636                                     = $8.957

= $9.64                                       = $8.96

Market value = $8.96 * 3.6 = $32.256

c. If the market value of a share of common stock is 3.6 times book value for 20X2, P/E ratio =

P/E ratio = Market price/EPS

= $32.256/$ .34

= 94.87 times

Explanation:

a) Data and Calculations:

CROSBY CORPORATION

Income Statement

For the Year Ended December 31, 20X2

Sales                                                                          $ 3,880,000

Cost of goods sold                                                      2,620,000

Gross profit                                                                $ 1,260,000

Selling and administrative expense    656,000

Depreciation expense                          300,000           956,000

Operating income                                                       $ 304,000

Interest expense                                                              87,900

Earnings before taxes                                                 $ 216,100

Taxes                                                                              155,000

Earnings after taxes                                                      $ 61,100

Preferred stock dividends                                              10,000

Earnings available to common stockholders              $ 51,100

Shares outstanding                                                      150,000

Earnings per share                                                         $ .34

Statement of Retained Earnings

For the Year Ended December 31, 20X2

Retained earnings, balance, January 1, 20X2             $ 855,400

Add: Earnings available to common stockholders, 20X2 51,100

Deduct: Cash dividends declared and paid in 20X2     153,000

Retained earnings, balance, December 31, 20X2     $ 753,500

Comparative Balance Sheets

For 20X1 and 20X2

                                                        Year-End  20X1        Year-End  20X2

Assets

Current assets:

Cash                                                     $ 134,000                 $ 66,500

Accounts receivable (net)                     526,000                   531,000

Inventory                                                649,000                   719,000

Prepaid expenses                                   66,800                      39,100

Total current assets                        $ 1,375,800             $ 1,355,600

Investments (long-term securities)       99,500                     82,900

Gross plant and equipment         $ 2,520,000             $ 3,000,000

Less: Accumulated depreciation     1,450,000                  1,750,000

Net plant and equipment                 1,070,000                 1,250,000

Total assets                                  $ 2,545,300             $ 2,688,500

Liabilities and Stockholders’ Equity

Current liabilities:

Accounts payable                           $ 315,000                $ 558,000

Notes payable                                    510,000                    510,000

Accrued expenses                              76,900                     58,000

Total current liabilities                   $ 901,900               $ 1,126,000

Long-term liabilities:

Bonds payable, 20X2                      198,000                     219,000

Total liabilities                            $ 1,099,900               $ 1,345,000

Stockholders’ equity:

Preferred stock, $100 par value   $ 90,000                   $ 90,000

Common stock, $1 par value          150,000                     150,000

Capital paid in excess of par         350,000                    350,000

Retained earnings                          855,400                    753,500

Total stockholders’ equity        $ 1,445,400               $ 1,343,500

Total liabilities and

 stockholders’ equity             $ 2,545,300              $ 2,688,500

Changes in working capital items:

                                                    20X1           20X2       Changes

Accounts receivable (net)      526,000       531,000        5,000

Inventory                                 649,000       719,000      70,000

Prepaid expenses                    66,800          39,100     -27,700

Accounts payable                $ 315,000  $ 558,000    243,000

Notes payable                         510,000      510,000   0

Accrued expenses                   76,900        58,000     -18,900

Bonds payable, 20X2          198,000         219,000      21,000

Investments (long-term securities) 99,500    82,900    16,600

Plant and equipment                    252,000  300,000  -48,000

5 0
3 years ago
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