Answer:
These findings present a direct challenge to the assumption that vicariously discharging aggressive impulses reduces aggression.
Explanation:
Some professionals think that people can reduce stress and diminish their feeling of anger by practising sports. Also, they think rough sports are commonly seen as a vicarious way of discharging agressive impulses. This is because spectators feel identified with the athlete, but in the example mentioned before, this theory proved to be inconsistent.
Answer:
D. Primatology helps anthropologists decipher and untangle the origin of culture.
Explanation:
Jane Goodall is among the pioneers to research wild chimpanzee behavior in their native habitats. She began work in the Gombe Reserve (Tanzania) in the 1960s at the invitation of famed paleoanthropologist Louis Leakey, who wanted to find living models of social behavior that would help him think about the material he found at the African sites where he worked. One of Goodall's peculiarities was his lack of specialized academic training early in his career. Leakey was looking for someone who was very interested, but did not have the academic vices of psychology or biology. This configuration provided surprising discoveries about our close relatives, who revolutionized primatology and tended to profoundly affect anthropology.
With Goodall's research, it was possible to realize that primatology could help to decipher and unravel the origin of some cultures. For example, the "chimpanzee wars" recorded by Jane Goodall (1988) in Gombe became paradigmatic and were adopted as parameters for discussions of intra and extragroup conflicts based on the influence of evolutionary factors and social dynamics related to behaviors that result in serious injury or death. Goodall records with sadness and despair the split of a group from the refusal of some to accept the new alpha male. Then two groups of individuals are formed that know each other and in many cases are related. The researcher narrates the organization of armed patrols with clubs by the largest and original group that now patrols the borders of their territory in an Indian queue, and kills any dissident group members she encounters until no one is left.
In anthropological terms, primatology explains that the phenomena associated with the feeling of belonging to a certain group associated with the incorporation of the worldview of that same group, via socialization, is called ethnocentrism. Strangeness and even revulsion and the initiative for direct confrontation between human groups are also associated with ethnocentrism.
A top-down process is happening when you shift your attention to something without moving your eyes.
Top-down theories are driven by hypotheses and emphasize the significance of higher mental processes like expectations, beliefs, values, and social influences.
<h3>What are top-down and bottom-up processing?</h3>
Bottom-up processing starts with the retrieval of sensory data from our surroundings so that perceptions can be built based on the sensory data that is now being input. Top-down processing is the process of interpreting incoming information in light of one's prior experiences, knowledge, and expectations.
Perceptions start with the most general and proceed toward the more detailed top-down processing. Our expectations and prior information have a significant impact on these views. Simply said, your brain uses what it already knows to fill in the gaps and predict what will happen next.
Top-down processing is the process by which we see the world around us and interpret incoming information by using what we already know Gregory, 1970.
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punishment
Punishment is the change in the
environment that occurs after a response which decreases the likelihood of the behavior
occurring again in the future. This is according to operant conditioning--a learning
process where a behavior is altered by reinforcement or punishment.
