Answer:
a. Political, religious, and economic rivalries shaped European colonial policies in Africa.
Explanation:
The competition and rivalry that existed among the European countries that colonized African helped to shape the structure, polities and economic development in Africa. The European countries try to outsmart and outgrown one and another. As a result, different aspects of African countries were transformed and this shaped the policies in Africa.
The third alternative is correct (C).
In the context of the Cold War, the world was bipolarized by the leadership of the US, capitalist and communist USSR. It was a dispute of hegemony, so the fear on both sides was to lose the leading role and see the economic model crumble. This is what happened to the USSR. A social and economic collapse of the USSR led to the end of the Cold War and the triumph of the capitalist model. Both sides also feared a warlike confrontation, so that the USSR could be destroyed if the capitalist nations contended for war.
They thought they had to, to save Jerusalem from being 'captured' by the Islamic people they were fighting against. They thought that it was their duty to protect what was 'rightfully' theirs
The one that has the black mark is right
Answer: such as crop and resource shortages.
Explanation: