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Precedent is only constitutive. A judge is bound by the precedent of the higher courts and the enacted law. If a precedent checks the operation of a rule it is only on the ground that it is not law. But, when a rule is established as law, a precedent cannot abrogate it.
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A lay witness — the most common type — is a person who watched certain events and describes what they saw.
An expert witness is a specialist — someone who is educated in a certain area
A character witness is someone who knew the victim, the defendant, or other people involved in the case.
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Officers must communicate as accurately and effectively as possible to accomplish goals and duties.
In case of chasing a suspect officers will need to communicate effectively to catch the perpetrator.
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Hope this will help
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do you know how to say that in english
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