Hi
Below are five major steps of DNA or gene cloning:
1: You chose the gene or specific piece of DNA you need to clone and cut the gene with restriction enzymes from the source organism.
2: You need to choose a vector for the process of cloning and you will cut the vector with same restriction enzymes through which you have cut your target DNA sequence to be inserted into the vector.
3: You place the target gene into the vector and join or seal the gene with vector by using an enzyme called DNA ligase.
4: You introduce the vector with your target gene into a suitable host organism such as yeast or bacteria through the process of Transformation. In this process host organism takes up the vector containing your target gene and starts replicating the target DNA along with their own DNA and thus creating millions of copies of target gene .
5: In the last step, the DNA or target gene is isolated from host organism and purified and is ready to be used since its quantity has been enormously increased through the process of cloning.
The cloning is also called as recombinant DNA technology and is the main process that is being used in the production of insulin for diabetes patients. You can see below image for better understanding.
Hope it help!
Because there is nothing to hear
Answer: D. Keratin
Explanation: Keratinocytes (pronounced: ker-uh-TIH-no-sites) make keratin, a type of protein that's a basic component of hair, skin, and nails. Keratin in the skin's outer layer helps create a protective barrier.
Answer: C. On a sloped parking lot
Surface runoff can be referred as the flow of water, that occurs when the excess water flows from the storm water, melt water, flood, rain streams and rain fall. The fast moving water current takes along with it superficial layers like surface and sub- surface layers of soil. Hence, causes water erosion of soil.
The slope parking lot will favor, surface runoff more likely than in a grassy prairie, mulched flower bed, or in a sand pit because the slope will provide a surface for free flow of water. There are chances that water gets absorbed by the soil in the grassy prairie, mulched flower bed and sand pit. Whereas the slopy surface of parking lot will not allow the water retention by soil, instead will accelerate the flow of water.
Answer;
- DNA
-Some additional proof of the endosymbiotic theory includes the similarity in DNA between bacteria and mitochondria and cyanobacteria and chloroplasts.
Explanation;
-According to the endosymbiotic theory; mitochondria and chloroplasts contain their own circular DNA, similar to DNA in Bacteria, Both mitochondria and chloroplasts are surrounded by two membranes: inner and outer membrane, mitochondria are about the same size as bacteria and also mitochondria appear to have been derived from purple bacteria and chloroplasts derived from photosynthetic bacteria.
