Over time, the act of adulterating food for economic gain began to emerge. During the Middle Ages, imported spices were quite valuable. Due to their high prices and limited supply, merchants sometimes combined spices with numerous cheap substitutes such as ground nut shells, pits, seeds, juniper berries, stones or dust. In response, trade guilds were formed to supervise the quality of products and prevent the adulteration of food, and laws were drafted throughout Europe to regulate the quality of bread, wine, milk, butter, and meat. Following the Reformation, however, the influence of guilds wanted and, along with them, their laws. hope this will help.......
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C.) A disease spread by infected fleas and human parasites.
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The candidates were:
Abraham Lincoln (Republican)
John C. Breckinridge (Southern Democrat)
John Bell (Constitutional Union)
Stephen A.Douglas (Northern Democrat)
Lincoln was outraged at the Kansas Nebraska act of 1854 and the Dred Scott decision. He was particularly displeased with Senator Stephen a. Douglas (D-Ill.) for championing the popular sovereignty doctrine, which allowed territories to decide whether to be free or slave states.
John C. Breckinridge supported the Kansas- Nebraska act, hoping it would stop slavery
Although a large slaveholder, Bell opposed efforts to expand slavery to the U.S. territories. He vigorously opposed Pres. James Knox Polk’s Mexican War policy and voted against the Compromise of 1850, the Kansas–Nebraska bill (1854), and the attempt to admit Kansas as a slave state. Bell’s temperate support of slavery combined with his vigorous defense of the Union brought him the presidential nomination on the Constitutional Union ticket in 1860, but he carried only Virginia, Kentucky, and Tennessee.
Stephen A. Douglass supported slavery.
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