Hydrogen bonds a protein with no quaternary structure a protein
It depends on if they are identical or not really
Answer:
Macrophages are part of your innate immune system, which is antigen-independent and does not require activation.
Explanation:
Macrophages phagocytize (internalize) all non-self pathogens it encounters. These do their job without activation. Other cells in the innate immune system include basophils, neutrophils, eosinophils (these cells are polymorphonuclear leukocytes), mast cells, and dendritic cells, which act as the bridge between your innate and adaptive immune system.
All of the other entities listed above are part of your adaptive immune system. The adaptive immune system is antigen-dependent and requires activation. This section of your immune system responds differently to different pathogens, and has the bonus of having immunologic memory, the ability to remember pathogens after infection and respond much quicker upon secondary and tertiary encounters.
Note: All lymphocyte types begin as naïve cells, which then differentiate into their fully matured form upon activation.
Helper T cells are a type of CD4+ T cell that has the job of activating B and T lymphocytes. There are two different types of T helper cells: Th1 and Th2. Th1 cells secrete the cytokine interferon-gamma (IFNγ), and is primarily involved with the stimulation and activation of cytotoxic T cells, while Th2 cells secrete a variety of cytokines and are responsible for activating and assisting with B cells to make antibodies. To make a long story short, Th cells interact with APC (Antigen Presenting Cells), specifically their Class II MHC (a group of genes that present exogenous proteins). The Th cells then proliferate and gain the ability to activate these APC cells and provide the necessary signals to activate B and T cells and make them proliferate and do their specific function.
Answer:
acceleration = force / mass
Explanation:
Answer:
<u>Active transport across membranes is like refilling an empty soda can after pouring the soda into a cup. It takes effort (energy in the form of ATP) to pour the soda back into the can, it wouldn't typically happen on its own.</u>
Explanation:
Cells use several transport mechanisms to move substances across their plasma membranes. Plasma membranes control all movement of substances through passive transport, which does not use energy; and active transport which requires chemical energy in the form of ATP.
Active transport moves substances out of cells against their gradients. In the cell, glucose can be transported inwards for respiration. However, because the internal environment is typically concentrated, (and glucose is needed in high amounts) this requires the use of transport enzymes and ATP.
