Explanation: When the evaluation of a treatment or intervention is performed under well laid out and defined guidelines, such study is most likely classed as an efficacy study. Efficacy studies usually require that participants and environmental factors meet certain requirements and the risk of external or confounding variables or constraints impacting the research study is avoided or reduced to the barest minimum.
Dr. Harbinger's study as described above is most likely to be an efficacy study as it required participants to meet strict diagnostic criteria before being assigned to a group.
Physical health and fitness mental health and emotional stability stress management Environmental & occupational safety Social supports Spiritual harmony
While epidemic disease was a leading factor of the population decline of the American indigenous peoples after 1492, there were other contributing factors, all of them related to European contact and colonization. One of these factors was warfare.
The spread of Islam help increase literacy among the populations in the kingdoms of West and Central Africa as converts to Islam were required to read and study from the Qur'an, and Muslim mosques became centres of learning and intellectual libraries for those of the faith.