Answer:
A. exposure - use of artificial sweeteners
disease - bladder cancer
In this research artificial sweeteners are used as the exposure that leads to bladder cancer disease.
B. Bladder cancer No bladder cancer
Artificial sweeteners 1293(a) 855(b)
No artificial sweeteners 1707(c) 2145(d)
Total 3000 3000
Cases -
- Risk factor (Artificial sweeteners) present (1293)
- Risk factor (Artificial sweeteners) absent (1707)
Controls
- Risk factor (Artificial sweeteners) present (855)
- Risk factor (Artificial sweeteners) absent (2145)
Odds ratio or strength of association between exposure and disease
OR= Cases with exposure/cases without exposure= a/c divided by b/d
So, the putting value ad/bc= 1293*2145/855*1707
= 1.9
OR would be 1.9
C. this interprets that there is a 90% increase in the chance of bladder cancer if exposed to artificial sweeteners or people with bladder cancer have a 1.90 times higher odds of using artificial sweeteners compared to controls
Answer:
Phylogenetic (evolutionary) Tree
showing the evolutionary relationships among various biological species or other entities that are believed to have a common ancestor.
• Each node is called a taxonomic unit.
• Internal nodes are generally called hypothetical
taxonomic units
• In a phylogenetic tree, each node with
descendants represents the most recent
common ancestor of the descendants, and the
• edge lengths (if present) correspond to time
estimates.
Explanation:
Phylogenetic trees are usually based on morphological or genetic homology. A comparison of anatomical traits can reveal an evolutionary relationship among species. Taxonomy, the science of classifying organisms, is based on phylogeny. Early taxonomic systems had no theoretical basis; organisms were grouped according to apparent similarity.
Decrease of sebum production will lead to the following
dry skin which is less water proof
loss of water through the skin through sweating due to lack of barrier
increased infection as sebum has antibacterial properties